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Sent: Tuesday, October 21, 2003 7:39 PM
Subject: Zimbabwe - Response to Prof. Chan
The land question in Zimbabwe
Land seizures, the background
In recent months, more than 23 years after gaining independence and majority
rule, the government of Zimbabwe finally expropriated the remaining
approximately 4,000 surplus[1] commercial farms owned by white people - the whites
having had up until now a virtual monopoly over commercial farming in Zimbabwe.
According to Stephen Chan[2], "In 1992, 4,500 mostly white farmers owned 11.5
million hectares. This was one third of the entire country. 7 million peasants
lived on 16.4 million hectares of 'communal' farmland." Since Independence, "the
government had purchased 3.3 million hectares" (for the resettlement of
dispossessed black farmers).
It is obvious that this situation was iniquitous. Moreover it was one which
was always at the heart of the liberation movement. In fact it is fair to say
that the millions of Zimbabwean peasants supported and fought in the war of
liberation against settler colonialism precisely because they were cut off from
the land and their livelihoods. It is not always realised that for them their
expropriation at the hands of white settlers was not a matter of the dim and
distant past. As David Blair explains in Degrees in Violence,[3] after 1945
"thousands of new white settlers were flocking to Rhodesia and many had been
promised farms by the British government. Demobilized soldiers were offered the
chance to farm in Africa as a reward for service in the Second World War, and
Rhodesia opened up new tracts to provide for them … "Quietly, with no fanfare,
vast numbers of blacks were moved to make way for the new settlers. … No fewer
than 85,000 black families were evicted between 1945 and 1955, totalling
perhaps 425,000 people. Considering that the black population in 1945 barely
exceeded 1.5 million, something approaching 30 per cent of all 'natives' were moved
from their homes. …
"[A] burning sense of grievance certainly existed. Land had been stolen, with
blacks herded into 'Native Reserves' while their white rulers took possession
of the most fertile fields."
At the height of the liberation struggle, members of ZANU, the organisation
which was most representative of the demands of the peasants and which
therefore became and has remained, the leading party in the Zimbabwean people's
struggle for emancipation, would frequently stress the importance of solving the
land question. The reason the peasants could never be satisfied by simply seeing
a few black faces sitting in government positions was that for them the war
was all about land, and without gaining land, the war would have been fought in
vain.
Perfidious Albion
Robert Mugabe, ZANU's leader, was always at pains to point out that he wanted
the transfer of land to the majority population to be done consensually, with
the white farmers, on the one hand, receiving compensation (to be provided by
the British government who had been behind the 19th century expropriation of
Zimabwe's soil by British settlers) and on the other being able to retain
modest-sized holdings that would enable them to sustain their livelihoods. He duly
undertook during the Independence negotiations at Lancaster House in London
in 1978 that there would be no land expropriation without compensation, since
at the time he did not believe forcible expropriation would be necessary.
Stephen Chan[4] explains: "Mugabe was certain that John Major had reassured him
that Britain would indeed assist with funds for compensation. Blair [i.e., the
present prime minister, Tony Blair] … thought that Britain was not committed to
such previous understandings. It had been an understanding in principle;
figures had been loosely suggested, but there was never any formal document of
binding agreement. To that extent, Blair was within his rights. However, from the
very first great push to resolve the Rhodesian issue in the mid-1970s, under
Henry Kissinger, the matter of compensation - subscribed to in hefty sums by
the international community - was always an accepted principle. It was implicit
in the Lancaster House talks, but Carrington ensured that, although he
recognised that a future government (of Zimbabwe) would want to widen the ownership
of land, it found no formal enunciation in the final agreement. Mugabe was
asked why he had given way, at Lancaster House, on the land issue. 'We had to.
That is the 'giving way' that I talked of, having to compromise on certain
fundamental principles, but only because there was a chance, in the future, to amend
the position' [5] Stephen Chan, who is certainly no friend of Mugabe's,
nevertheless considers he was a victim of perfidious Albion, i.e., British
imperialist treachery.
Once it finally became clear that Britain was not going to honour its
obligations, then Mugabe made it extremely clear that expropriation would proceed
without compensation. As early as 1996 he was already saying:
"We are going to take the land and we are not going to pay for the soil. This
is our set policy. Our land was never bought (by the colonialists) and there
is no way we could buy back the land. However, if Britain wants compensation
they should give us money and we will pass it on to their children".
Imperialist hysteria
Even at this point, the hope was that Britain would fulfil its obligations
once it was made clear to them that expropriation would go ahead. But of course,
Britain responded not. The final order to white farmers to surrender their
surplus farms was not made until August last year, 2002, after giving "the
international community" more than enough time to do the decent thing. Since "the
international community", however, is nothing other than the hyenas of
imperialism, it was only too happy to see Mugabe, the leader of the Zimbabwean
liberation struggle to whom they had had to concede defeat, discomfited. And although
he was only doing what was logical and necessary and in accordance with the
demands of his people, he was depicted in the western media as a power-crazed
despot.
Of course, what really turned him in the eyes of imperialism from what
Margaret Thatcher called the "perfect African gentleman" into a major hate figure
was his intervention in sending troops to the Democratic Republic of Congo in
support of the latter's nationalist government against imperialist determination
to seize control of its vast mineral wealth through the encouragement of
secessionist movements and proxy aggression by Rwanda and Uganda. This was an act
of tremendous self-sacrifice on the part of Zimbabwe in support of a just
anti-imperialist cause. Financially there was no way Zimbabwe could afford to do
it. Morally there was no way she could afford not to. The cost of military
intervention was tremendous, and could only be to some extent at the expense of
ordinary Zimbabweans. Imperialism saw an opportunity to create a rift between
ZANU and the Zimbabwean people and lost no time trying to exploit it by mounting
a scurrilous media blitz to demonise Robert Mugabe.
Typical of this media blitz, which has been going on for two or three years
now, as if endless repetition could turn lies into truth, is The Guardian, the
oh so liberal Guardian, of 25 June 2003 uncritically reviewing the South
African press, and citing such gems as "Thabo Mbeki knows very well that Mr Mugabe
is an unscrupulous dictator" and referring to Mugabe's government as "a rogue
government".
Yet we know that Robert Mugabe's only sin is in consistently standing up to
imperialism in the interests of his people. This is the reason why when, as a
result of the successes of the liberation war of the Zimbabwean people, the
second Chimurenga, as it was called, imperialism decided it would be
counter-productive to continue supporting white minority rule in Rhodesia, it
struggled in
a determined manner to prevent Mugabe from coming to power. "One of the few
points of agreement between white Rhodesians and the British government was
that victory for Mugabe was a terrifying prospect. In the words of Lord
Carrington: 'I viewed it with the greatest possible horror. One felt he was a Marxist
and one wondered how awful he was going to be'.[6] Another tactic was to
proclaim that ZANU intended to abolish Christmas! The details of the serious
struggle to keep Mugabe out were documented at the time by a ZANU support
organisation in London called the Zimbabwe Solidarity Front, and relevant articles
from
its journal will later this year be published in book form by Lalkar
Publications. Suffice it to say at this stage, that every effort was made to sideline
ZANU by forcing it, for instance, into alliance with 'moderates' in an effort to
palm off on the people of Zimbabwe a government that could be guaranteed to
put the interests of imperialism above the interests of the people. Then more
'flexible' black leaders - Bishop Abel Muzorewa and the Reverend Ndabaningi
Sithole - were taken on board by the settler government into a government of
'national unity', in the hope that this would satisfy the masses and undermine the
liberation war. All that happened, however, was that these reverend gentlemen
lost what little support they had left. Elections were held, and these were
won by an overwhelming majority by the ZANU-PF party, which had taken 57 seats.
ZAPU, the other party that supported the armed liberation struggle, took 20
seats, ie., all but one of the seats in the Ndebele heartlands of Matabeleland,
while "Muzorewa was reduced to the holder of three seats. All the South
African money that had clandestinely helped to finance his campaign came to nothing
in the face of a genuine desire for change".[7] Nothing imperialism or the
South African white supremacists could do could prevent the anti-imperialist
Mugabe from taking power from Independence.
Civil war
Neither imperialism nor white supremacist South Africa reconciled themselves
to defeat, and they immediately set about, in their different ways, trying to
destabilise the Zimbabwean government. Obviously reactionaries exploit every
weakness they can to try and cause difficulties to their enemies. The obvious
fault line in Zimbabwe was the traditional tribal rivalries between the
majority Shona tribe (70% of the population) and the minority Ndebele tribe (16% of
the population). The Ndebele were many years ago the rulers of Zimbabwe, and
some cherished dreams of becoming so again. Allegedly the ZAPU leader, Joshua
Nkomo, was at least to some extent affected by this culture:
"The two large provinces that constitute the west of Zimbabwe are
Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South. The majority population there are Ndebele,
of
Zulu ancestry. … Near the provincial capital, Bulawayo, … lie the Matopos
Hills, an area of great spiritual significance and sweeping beauty. Here, there
are natural columns of great boulders sitting on top of one another …
Lobengula, the last great king of the Ndebele, was deceived and defeated by Rhodes,
despite his ambassadors being kindly received by Queen Victoria. Once a
generation, a female shaman is meant to appear at Matopos to anoint the spiritual heir
of Lobengula, the one who would restore his reign and extend it over all
Zimbabwe. Every year Nkomo would go to the great rock columns, hoping to be greeted
by the shaman - who never came to him." [8]
These are just the kind of chauvinistic dregs that reactionaries love to
exploit to cause their enemies to fight each other, and in the early days of ZANU
rule in Zimbabwe, it was by incitement of the Ndebele to rebellion that South
Africa, itself still a white supremacist state at that time, was hoping to be
able to teach a salutary racist lesson to its own black majority population,
i.e., that black majority rule is a recipe for disaster.
Following the victory of the liberation struggle, ZANU, ever with an eye to
maintaining the unity of the Zimbabwean people as they fought to better life
for themselves in the teeth of opposition from imperialism and white supremacist
South Africa, offered Nkomo the post of president of Zimbabwe. He, however,
turned that down. He wanted nothing less than to be, so to speak, "king",
although his own forces were not only smaller but had also contributed far less
overall to the liberation struggle. He refused to be "a china ornament sitting in
the showcase". Instead he became Home Affairs Minister, responsible for law
and order. His sense of grievance meant that within a year of Zimbabwe's
independence, disgruntled ZAPU members were working to plunge the country into civil
war, and in November 1980 fighting in fact broke out between former guerrilla
fighters from the two organisations. Clearly this was not a situation that
could be tolerated. Having failed to maintain law and order, Nkomo was in
January 1981 demoted to the position of Minister without portfolio. In February
1981, there were further confrontations between the ex-guerrillas from both
parties in Entumbane, in which 300 people were killed. After a security forces raid
on four farms occupied by former Zipra (i.e., ZAPU guerrilla army) fighters,
where "Enough rifles, machine guns, mortars, rocket-propelled grenades and
cases of ammunition to fill 50 railway carriages were found" [9], Nkomo was
finally sacked from the government in February 1982, as were all of his ZAPU allies.
South African involvement
In the meantime, white supremacist South Africa was also intervening in
several ways. In July 1982, South Africa took it upon itself to destroy Zimbabwe's
airforce in an act of cowardly banditry that Chan calls "a superbly planned
and executed commando raid"! Chan continues: "At the end of 1982, South Africa
began organising, training and recruiting a several-hundred-strong dissident
group, comprised mostly of former ZIPRA fighters. These called themselves
Super-ZAPU, believing their political leaders in ZAPU proper could not longer help
their people" (p. 29).
Is it any wonder, then, that Mugabe and his government took swift and
decisive action to put an end to this rebellion. When you have reached power through
the waging of guerrilla warfare, you do not pussyfoot around in the face of
organised movements designed to deprive you of your gains. The rebellion was
crushed, much to the chagrin of white supremacist South Africa which was left
trying to muster what support for its nefarious cause that it could by denouncing
the 'atrocities' and 'brutality' of the military campaign through which the
rebellion was defeated. This kind of thing impresses bourgeois liberal
ideologues such as David Blair and Stephen Chan, but does not cut much ice with those
who have been subjected to imperialism's real brutality.
What, however, has always characterised Mugabe is his willingness to embrace
those he has defeated and welcome them into the fold, on the strict
understanding, of course, that henceforth their destructive behaviour will cease. The
same conciliatory attitude that had been shown towards whites who had formerly
been enthusiastically committed to white supremacy was extended to Ndebele
dissidents, and in particular to Joshua Nkomo. Agreement was reached in 1987 that
ZANU and ZAPU should merge, and that Joshua Nkomo should become the country's
joint vice president, thus putting an end to South Africa's attempts to use
the Ndebele to destabilise Zimbabwe.
The Matabeleland rebellion was inspired primarily by white supremacist South
Africa, whose interests at that time were to some extent in contradiction with
those of imperialism which, as its acceptance of black majority rule in
Zimbabwe shows, was happy to accept black majority rule in the larger interests of
hoping better to promote imperialist exploitation. The liberation struggle of
the Zimbabwean people against white settler fascism was not in the interests
of imperialism, so it had decided - albeit with bad grace - to accept black
majority rule. Not so South Africa. Nevertheless, imperialism was never, as we
have seen, comfortable with ZANU because of the latter's commitment to the
welfare of the masses of ordinary people, a project which in the view of
imperialism could only make Zimbabwe an unattractive proposition as far as imperialist
investment was concerned as the profits to be extracted would be seriously
reduced by such wanton and, in their view, unnecessary expenditure. Although the
imperialist media at the time did not go into overdrive in support of South
Africa's efforts to destabilise the ZANU regime, nor did they get particularly
hysterical about the means used to suppress rebellion - unlike the situation
today - nevertheless they were happy that the Zimbabwe government was being
forced to spend a great deal of money and effort dealing with the problems that
South Africa had engendered. This was forcing Zimbabwe to apply to imperialism
for loans, which imperialism intended to use as leverage against Zimbabwe to
bend it to imperialism's will.
Economic reconstruction
>From the very start, ZANU set about fulfilling its promises to the Zimbabwean
people. On 12 August 2002, at the funeral of Dr Bernard Chidzero, Robert
Mugabe referred in his funeral oration to the magnitude of the task facing the
ZANU government at liberation:
"Here was a war ravaged country in very great need but little resources; a
people with severe scars of war holding on to a tenuous peace and of course to
great expectations and dreams that were not commensurate with available means
and prospects of them. We had fighters who needed to be either integrated or
demobilized; refugees and war displaced who needed rehabilitation and
resettlement; school children who needed schools, books and teachers; workers who
expected the wand of independence magically to yield fabulous wages and salaries;
peasants who needed not just durable peace but their forefathers' lands and
traditional systems restored. Roads, schools, homes, clinics and hospitals needed
rehabilitation, reconstruction and expansion. Then, of course, we also had Ian
Smith's war-related debts to service … We also had apartheid South Africa,
all the time threatening us, sabotaging our independence and thus forcing us to
build on defence capabilities".
In order to meet these needs, as well as to defend its government against
destabilisation efforts and defend its export routes against the RENAMO
guerrillas that South Africa was backing in Mozambique, ZANU decided to borrow from
the
World Bank and IMF - not a huge amount, but nevertheless a debt that would
have to be repaid. Because it needed to borrow, it also needed to satisfy the
lenders of its ability to repay, and this is probably another reason why ZANU
did not proceed more speedily with the expropriation of the white farmers,
feeling that it needed to consolidate its base before taking on the wrath of
imperialism. For the white farmers were producing export crops, particularly
tobacco, at competitive prices through use of modern technology (as well as cheap
labour), and to expropriate them at this juncture would have definitely involved
the loss of significant export earnings and inability to pay the debts
incurred to international finance capital. If the total annual value of Zimbabwean
exports is $2.4 billion (1996 estimate), agricultural products account for about
$1 billion - tobacco alone for about $800 million. These are clearly sums
which can only be sacrificed at a price, and at a time when the masses are ready
for that price to be paid. To decide that, despite the well-known dire
economic consequences of borrowing from imperialism, nonetheless for the moment such
borrowing was a more viable option than steaming ahead with land expropriation
was a very tough decision to make. It is not for nothing that in paying
tribute to Dr Chidzero, who was responsible for such decisions, Robert Mugabe
commented: "It was quite an intimidating Independence menu and one that would not
encourage anyone to want to be my Finance Minister". Yet "Bernard came and took
on the challenge …"
In all events, the money borrowed was used to good effect. As Angie Todd
writes in the Cuban English language publication, Granma International in October
2002, "In the first 10 years of independence education absorbed 10-22 per cent
of the national budget. Primary education became free and compulsory, and
schools and hospitals were built in the rural areas. "From 1978 to 1989 infant
mortality dropped from 130 per 1,000 births to 65 …"
Devastation by SAPs
But then came payback time. Imperialism demanded implementation of a
programme of structural adjustment that spelt "liberalisation of trade and capital
flows, the abolition of food subsidies and cutbacks in the health and education
sectors. The result: inflationary pressure due to increased import prices,
businesses closing due to an inability to compete on the international market, the
export of capital funds and increased prices on all staple foods. "In five
years the IMF destroyed 40 per cent of industrial output. … Zimbabwe was forced
to sell its maize reserves for IMF-ordered profits …" (ibid.). Unemployment
increased from 45% to 60% and inflation from 100% to 300%. The sale of maize
reserves obviously left the country open to famine in years when the crops fail,
which in Zimbabwe periodically they do, and they did in 2001, as a result of a
drought that engulfed the whole of southern Africa. All this the imperialist
press has the gall to attribute to Mugabe's 'economic mismanagement', when
clearly it is the effect of implementing imperialism's own demands. Every country
which implements the IMF's structural adjustment programmes is likewise
bankrupted - the only difference being that not all countries make efforts to
maintain welfare provision for the masses. George Monbiot points out:
"Throughout the coverage of Zimbabwe there is an undercurrent both of racism
and of regret that Britain ever let Rhodesia go… Readers are led to conclude
that Ian Smith was right all along: the only people who know how to run Africa
are the whites. But, through the IMF, the World Bank and bilateral aid
programmes, with their extraordinary conditions, the whites do run Africa, and a
right hash they are making of it. Over the past ten years, according to the UN's
latest human development report, the number of people in sub-Saharan Africa
living on less than a dollar a day has risen from 242 to 300 million. The more
rigorously Africa's governments apply the policies demanded by the whites, the
poorer their people become."
Show down time
To add injury to insult, imperialism has, of course, gleefully been taking
advantage of the discontent aroused by application of its structural adjustment
programmes to endeavour to put together a pro-imperialist opposition in
Zimbabwe - hence the so-called Movement for Democratic Freedom, praised to the skies
of course by every 'left-wing' social-democratic toadie of imperialism in
this country, despite the fact that its programme is one of absolute surrender to
imperialism. If the people of Zimbabwe have legitimate grievances, they would
certainly never be addressed by a government formed by the Movement for
Democratic Change! Nevertheless, imperialism poured vast amounts of cash and
Trotskyites into endeavouring to build this Movement for Democratic Freedom into a
force that could defeat ZANU at the polls - but all to little effect. By
mobilising the discontent of a significant minority, the Movement for Democratic
Change (MDC) certainly creates nuisance value, but recent events have shown that
the Zimbabwean people are not so naïve as to support it in large enough
numbers to topple the Zimbabwean regime. Not only did it lose the 2002 elections in
Zimbabwe (a loss attributed by the imperialist press to violence and
poll-rigging on the part of the government - undemocratically interfering with the
imperialist cheque-book ballot rigging), but it has been ineffective in mobilising
the masses to overthrow the "unrepresentative" ZANU government, which is the
least its imperialist masters expected of it. Imperialism was very
disappointed by the MDC's failure at the beginning of June to achieve its declared aim
in
a "week of protest billed as a 'final push' to unseat President Robert
Mugabe" (Financial Times, 7 June 2003). The week of protest merely showed that the
MDC had very little support and "a national day of marches planned for
yesterday [6 June] fizzled out …" (ibid.). Although imperialism naturally tried to
blame this on ZANU's 'brutal suppression of dissent', Jono Waters in South
Africa's Business Week of 20 June 2003 wryly pointed out "the point that keeps
getting missed is that most of Zimbabwe's cowed and subjugated population appear to
feel the MDC is not worth being beaten up for, let alone dying for." The
point, we might add, that Jono Waters misses is that the greater part of
Zimbabweans are not at all "cowed and subjugated" - it is only the would-be comprador
class that feels this way, and those who are "cowing and subjugating" them are
the majority of the population who continue to support ZANU and would be
ashamed to do otherwise, especially when the going is tough. In fact, Jono Waters
is forced, in the same article from which we quoted above, to admit that
"people do not see an opposition leadership that struggles and thinks and feels with
them. They see a bunch of greedy, US-dollar salaried, Pajero drivers", or
what might be called in Kenya members of the 'Wa Benzi' tribe, i.e., those who
flaunt their comprador status by driving around in Mercedes Benzes supplied to
them for their services to imperialism.
Since it is now clear to all that there is little or nothing to be gained for
Zimbabwe in co-operating with imperialism and being in a financial position
dutifully to pay up on one's indebtedness to imperialism, since in any event
there are no more loans forthcoming from imperialism, which has subjected
Zimbabwe to sanctions in its efforts to overthrow the ZANU nationalist government,
then there is nothing to inhibit ZANU from going ahead with land
expropriations. In fact, to do so is an essential first step in securing sufficient
independent food supplies for the people of Zimbabwe during the years of showdown with
imperialism that lie ahead. Imperialism, for its part, will try to use trade
embargoes and other destabilising tactics - maybe even the kind of bombing
campaign combined with electoral fraud that finished off Yugoslavia's attempts to
preserve its independence - to persuade the Zimbabweans to surrender. In the
fight against imperialism, the people of Zimbabwe have to be prepared for hard
times ahead.
Understanding this, Robert Mugabe appealed to them at Bernard Chidzero's
funeral:
"Today we lay Bernard to rest among men and women of his ilk, those men and
women who dedicated and lost their precious lives in the service of our Nation
and our people …
"Bernard and all who lie buried here worked for the people, sacrificed for
their well-being and that of our children. Today, in the eerie silence of this
sacred acre, they ask you and me many questions. What have you done for your
country in your little sphere of activity? What are you doing with your life for
your Nation, for your People, for our Children? Or are you negating the very
illustrious essence of those proud and venerated men and women of honour we
gather yearly to acknowledge?
"If Joshua Nkomo were to rise this hour, would you be fit to hold his hand
and walk in step with him down the path that emanates from this very sacred
shrine and ends in a great future for our country? If Leopold Takwira, Chairman
Herbert Chitepo, General Josiah Magama Tongogara, Jason Moyo, Nikita Mangena
were here with us today, would you embrace them and greet them in comradeship;
would you be found among the trusted cadres they would have proudly inspected …
"What is your cause today? Does it derive from and connect with the lofty
ideals of these men and women we honour today? Or are you, through your actions
today, a willing traitor and second executioner of these heroes; willing
posthumous betrayer of their cause, indeed the eager butcher of our revolution, our
heritage and the future of our children? …
"Each grave here speaks to our Nation through the undying, immanent spirit of
the heroic men or women whose transient remains it keeps. Each one of these
lives will tell you a tale of fortitude; will chastise you when your courage
and endurance weakens, reminding you that there is not a life too precious to be
laid for this Nation; no battle too hard to be fought for this land, indeed
no enemy too big, too powerful, too awesome to be fought and vanquished for
this land. Each one of these lives will remind you with the harshest of language
that there is no price big enough to fetch this Nation; no gold, no silver,
precious enough, to buy its sovereignty. We are not for sale."
He added: "Those who lie here struggled and died for a cause and that cause
is fundamentally the land which must come back; which is coming back and, for
the peasant, which has come back in significant quantities."
NOTES:
1. We are never told this, but all white farmers are being allowed to keep at
least one good sized farm. What has been confiscated is their second, third,
fourth, fifth, etc. farms.
2. Robert Mugabe - a life of power and violence, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, London,
2003. Stephen Chan was a member of the Common wealth Secretariat at the time
of Zimbabwe's independence. As Professor of International Relations at London
University's School of Oriental and African Studies, he is, of course, hostile
to Robert Mugabe, but is nevertheless surprisingly informative about the
imperialist-inspired sabotage of ZANU's efforts to build a society delivering
social justice to Zimbabwe's population, including its 11 million black people who
had before Liberation counted for nothing in the white supremacist regime
that governed the country on behalf of imperialism.
3. Continuum, London, 2003, another anti-Mugabe book.
4. Op. cit. p.112
5. The quotation from Mugabe was excerpted in Michael Charlton, The Last
Colony in Africa: Diplomacy and the Independence of Rhodesia, Blackwell, Oxford,
1990, p.152.
6. David Blair, op. cit., p.11
7. Chan, ibid., p. 17
8. Chan, op. cit., p.25.
9. Blair, op. cit. p. 30.
The Mulindwas Communication Group
"With Yoweri Museveni, Uganda is in anarchy"
Groupe de communication Mulindwas
"avec Yoweri Museveni, l'Ouganda est dans l'anarchie"
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