Le 03/07/14 01:23, Philippe Verdy a écrit :
The angle and form (straight or curved, with wedge, with rounded bowl
or not, attached or detached from the letter) of the acute accent is
not really defined, all variants are possible, including the
Czech/Polish form.
All that matters is the main direction of slanting. The only
unacceptable rendering is a pure horizontal or vertical form (but
there still exists some typographic styles, mostly used in logos) that
use horizontal strokes not distinguishing visuelly the acute and grave
accents, notably over capitals (this is acceptable for short titles or
headings and for trademarks, whose exact orthography is not very important
And even more on capitals notably at start of words, where there's no
ambiguity in French as it can only be É with acute; the distinction of
acute and grave accents in French only occurs over letter e, which is
the only one using an acute accent; and there's never any grace accent
over e at start of words;
Rarely, but not never: èbe, èche, ère, ès, Ève
The curcumflex over E can also be easily infered from the same glyph
at start of words, it occurs only in wellknown words like the
auxiliary verb "Être".) For this reason the French accents are
frequently flat if they are present over capitals. The grave accent
occurs on initial capitals only in the preprosition "À" where the
grave accent is also non ambiguous, the only one possible, so it can
be flattened too. At end of words (or before final mute letters
(e)(s), this is only "é" with acute (there's no "è" with grabe and no
"ê" with circumflex).
There are at least agapè, koinè, korê, psychè... But it's true that a
rendering similar to agape-, koine-, kore-, psyche- doesn't make them
ambiguous.
Also I really doubt that the Polish/Czech accents were unified with
accents in French, I would probably bet on Italian or even Spanish,
from their presence in the Spanish Netherlands and contacts with
hanseatic ligues in harbours of the Northern Sea up to the Baltic with
influence on the Prussian kingdom (Spanish and Italian both have acute
accents over all important vowels; but no grave, no circumflex in
Italian, so it can be flattened as well), but Italian fonts have
originately used more vertical shapes.
I think that what made the Czrch and Polish accents more vertical was
their use of double accents side by side rather than on top of each other.
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