I found a workaround for this problem.

The core issue is that BY DEFAULT cowbuilder-dist (and pbuilder-dist)
will enable multiple "pockets", including "security", "updates", and
"proposed".

It looks like the "proposed" pocket (available here:
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/xenial-proposed/main/binary-
amd64/) includes GCC version 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.11, which conflicts
with GCC version 5.3.1-14ubuntu2 (apparently required by something else
- not sure what).

When I entered my broken chroot and attempted to debug the dependency
problem, I got this:

-----------------------------------------------------------------
root@pete-test-pc:/# apt-get install gcc-5
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 gcc-5 : Depends: cpp-5 (= 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) but 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.11 is to 
be installed
         Depends: gcc-5-base (= 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) but 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.11 is 
to be installed
         Depends: libgcc-5-dev (= 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) but 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.11 
is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
-----------------------------------------------------------------


Workaround: supply any of the flags "--release-only", "--security-only", or 
"--updates-only" to the cowbuilder-dist or pbuilder-dist commands. Using any of 
those flags will *disable* the "proposed" pocket, eg.:


cowbuilder-dist xenial create --updates-only

pbuilder-dist xenial create --updates-only

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1799859

Title:
  "pbuilder-dist create xenial" fails (Unutu 16.04) since Oct 17, 2018

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