Keep in mind that Accumulo puts a much different kind of load on HDFS than the DFSIO benchmark. It might be more appropriate to use a tool like dstat to monitor HDD utilization and queue depth. HDD throughput benchmarks usually will involve high queue depths as disks are much more effective when they can pipeline and batch updates. Accumulo's WAL workload will typically call hflush or hsync periodically which interrupts the IO pipeline much like memory barriers can interrupt CPU pipelining except more severe. This is necessary to provide durability guarantees, but definitely comes at a cost to throughput. Any database that has these durability guarantees will suffer similarly to an extent. For Accumulo, it is probably worse than for non-distributed databases because the flush or sync must happen at each replica prior to the mutation being added into the in-memory map.
I think one of the reasons the recommendation was made to add more tablet servers is because each tablet server only writes to one WAL at a time and each block will live on N disk based on replication factor. If you have a replication factor of 3, there will be 10x3 blocks being appended to at any given time (excluding compactions). Since you have 120 disks, not all will be participating in write-ahead-logging, so you should not count the IO capacity of these extra disks towards expected ingest throughput. 10 tablet servers per node is probably too many because there would likely be a lot of contention flushing/syncing WALs. I'm not sure how smart HDFS is about how it distributes the WAL load. You might see more benefit with 2-4 tservers per node. This would mostly likely require more batch writer threads in the client as well. I'm not too surprised that snappy did not help because the WALs are not compressed and are likely a bigger bottleneck than compaction since you have many disks not participating in WAL. On Wed, Jul 12, 2017 at 11:16 AM, Josh Elser <[email protected]> wrote: > You probably want to split the table further than just 4 tablets per > tablet server. Try 10's of tablets per server. > > Also, merging the content from (who I assume is) your coworker on this > stackoverflow post[1], I don't believe the suggestion[2] to verify WAL max > size, minc threshold, and native maps size was brought up yet. > > Also, did you look at the JVM GC logs for the TabletServers like was > previously suggested to you? > > [1] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44928354/accumulo-tablet > -server-doesnt-utilize-all-available-resources-on-host-machine/ > [2] https://accumulo.apache.org/1.8/accumulo_user_manual.html#_n > ative_maps_configuration > > On 7/12/17 10:12 AM, Massimilian Mattetti wrote: > >> Hi all, >> >> I ran a few experiments in the last days trying to identify what is the >> bottleneck for the ingestion process. >> - Running 10 tservers per node instead of only one gave me a very >> neglectable performance improvement of about 15%. >> - Running the ingestor processes from the two masters give the same >> performance as running one ingestor process in each tablet server (10 >> ingestors) >> - neither the network limit (10 Gb network) nor the disk throughput limit >> has been reached (1GB/s per node reached while running the TestDFSIO >> benchmark on HDFS) >> - CPU is always around 20% on each tserver >> - changing compression from GZ to snappy did not provide any benefit >> - increasing the tserver.total.mutation.queue.maxto 200MB actually >> decreased the performance >> I am going to run some ingestion experiment with Kudu over the next few >> days, but any other suggestion on how improve the performance on Accumulo >> is very welcome. >> Thanks. >> >> Best Regards, >> Massimiliano >> >> >> >> From: Jonathan Wonders <[email protected]> >> To: [email protected], Dave Marion <[email protected]> >> Date: 07/07/2017 04:02 >> Subject: Re: maximize usage of cluster resources during ingestion >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> >> >> >> I've personally never seen full CPU utilization during pure ingest. >> Typically the bottleneck has been I/O related. The majority of steady-state >> CPU utilization under a heavy ingest load is probably due to compression >> unless you have custom constraints running. This can depend on the >> compression algorithm you have selected. There is probably a measurable >> contribution from inserting into the in-memory map. Otherwise, not much >> computation occurs during ingest per mutation. >> >> On Thu, Jul 6, 2017 at 8:18 AM, Dave Marion <[email protected]_ >> <mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: >> That's a good point. I would also look at increasing >> tserver.total.mutation.queue.max. Are you seeing hold times? If not, I >> would keep pushing harder until you do, then move to multiple tablet >> servers. Do you have any GC logs? >> >> >> On July 6, 2017 at 4:47 AM Cyrille Savelief <[email protected]_ >> <mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: >> >> Are you sure Accumulo is not waiting for your app's data? There might be >> GC pauses in your ingest code (we have already experienced that). >> >> Le jeu. 6 juil. 2017 à 10:32, Massimilian Mattetti <[email protected]_ >> <mailto:[email protected]>> a écrit : >> Thank you all for the suggestions. >> >> About the native memory map I checked the logs on each tablet server and >> it was loaded correctly (of course the tserver.memory.maps.native.enabled >> was set to true), so the GC pauses should not be the problem eventually. I >> managed to get much better ingestion graph by reducing the native map size >> to *2GB* and increasing the Batch Writer threads number from the default (3 >> was really bad for my configuration) to *10* (I think it does not make >> sense having more threads than tablet servers, am I right?). >> >> The configuration that I used for the table is: >> "table.file.replication": "2", >> "table.compaction.minor.logs.threshold": "3", >> "table.durability": "flush", >> "table.split.threshold": "1G" >> >> while for the tablet servers is: >> "tserver.wal.blocksize": "1G", >> "tserver.walog.max.size": "2G", >> "tserver.memory.maps.max": "2G", >> "tserver.compaction.minor.concurrent.max": "50", >> "tserver.compaction.major.concurrent.max": "20", >> "tserver.wal.replication": "2", >> "tserver.compaction.major.thread.files.open.max": "15" >> >> The new graph: >> >> >> I still have the problem of a CPU usage that is less than*20%.* So I am >> thinking to run multiple tablet servers per node (like 5 or 10) in order to >> maximize the CPU usage. Besides that I do not have any other idea on how to >> stress those servers with ingestion. >> Any suggestions are very welcome. Meanwhile, thank you all again for your >> help. >> >> >> Best Regards, >> Massimiliano >> >> >> >> From: Jonathan Wonders <[email protected]_ <mailto: >> [email protected]>> >> To: [email protected]_ <mailto:[email protected]> >> Date: 06/07/2017 04:01 >> Subject: Re: maximize usage of cluster resources during ingestion >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> >> >> >> Hi Massimilian, >> >> Are you seeing held commits during the ingest pauses? Just based on >> having looked at many similar graphs in the past, this might be one of the >> major culprits. A tablet server has a memory region with a bounded size >> (tserver.memory.maps.max) where it buffers data that has not yet been >> written to RFiles (through the process of minor compaction). The region is >> segmented by tablet and each tablet can have a buffer that is undergoing >> ingest as well as a buffer that is undergoing minor compaction. A memory >> manager decides when to initiate minor compactions for the tablet buffers >> and the default implementation tries to keep the memory region 80-90% full >> while preferring to compact the largest tablet buffers. Creating larger >> RFiles during minor compaction should lead to less major compactions. >> During a minor compaction, the tablet buffer still "consumes" memory within >> the in memory map and high ingest rates can lead to exhausing the remaining >> capacity. The default memory manage uses an adaptive strategy to predict >> the expected memory usage and makes compaction decisions that should >> maintain some free memory. Batch writers can be bursty and a bit >> unpredictable which could throw off these estimates. Also, depending on >> the ingest profile, sometimes an in-memory tablet buffer will consume a >> large percentage of the total buffer. This leads to long minor compactions >> when the buffer size is large which can allow ingest enough time to exhaust >> the buffer before that memory can be reclaimed. When a tablet server has to >> block ingest, it can affect client ingest rates to other tablet servers due >> to the way that batch writers work. This can lead to other tablet servers >> underestimating future ingest rates which can further exacerbate the >> problem. >> >> There are some configuration changes that could reduce the severity of >> held commits, although they might reduce peak ingest rates. Reducing the >> in memory map size can reduce the maximum pause time due to held commits. >> Adding additional tablets should help avoid the problem of a single tablet >> buffer consuming a large percentage of the memory region. It might be >> better to aim for ~20 tablets per server if your problem allows for it. It >> is also possible to replace the memory manager with a custom one. I've >> tried this in the past and have seen stability improvements by making the >> memory thresholds less aggressive (50-75% full). This did reduce peak >> ingest rate in some cases, but that was a reasonable tradeoff. >> >> Based on your current configuration, if a tablet server is serving 4 >> tablets and has a 32GB buffer, your first minor compactions will be at >> least 8GB and they will probably grow larger over time until the tablets >> naturally split. Consider how long it would take to write this RFile >> compared to your peak ingest rate. As others have suggested, make sure to >> use the native maps. Based on your current JVM heap size, using the Java >> in-memory map would probably lead to OOME or very bad GC performance. >> >> Accumulo can trace minor compaction durations so you can get a feel for >> max pause times or measure the effect of configuration changes. >> >> Cheers, >> --Jonathan >> >> On Wed, Jul 5, 2017 at 7:16 PM, Dave Marion <[email protected]_ >> <mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: >> >> Based on what Cyrille said, I would look at garbage collection, >> specifically I would look at how much of your newly allocated objects spill >> into the old generation before they are flushed to disk. Additionally, I >> would turn off the debug log or log to SSD’s if you have them. Another >> thought, seeing that you have 256GB RAM / node, is to run multiple tablet >> servers per node. Do you have 10 threads on your Batch Writers? What about >> the Batch Writer latency, is it too low such that you are not filling the >> buffer? >> >> *From:* Massimilian Mattetti [mailto:[email protected]_ <mailto: >> [email protected]>] * >> Sent:* Wednesday, July 05, 2017 8:37 AM* >> To:* [email protected]_ <mailto:[email protected]>* >> Subject:* maximize usage of cluster resources during ingestion >> >> Hi all, >> >> I have an Accumulo 1.8.1 cluster made by 12 bare metal servers. Each >> server has 256GB of Ram and 2 x 10 cores CPU. 2 machines are used as >> masters (running HDFS NameNodes, Accumulo Master and Monitor). The other 10 >> machines has 12 Disks of 1 TB (11 used by HDFS DataNode process) and are >> running Accumulo TServer processes. All the machines are connected via a >> 10Gb network and 3 of them are running ZooKeeper. I have run some heavy >> ingestion test on this cluster but I have never been able to reach more >> than *20% *CPU usage on each Tablet Server. I am running an ingestion >> process (using batch writers) on each data node. The table is pre-split in >> order to have 4 tablets per tablet server. Monitoring the network I have >> seen that data is received/sent from each node with a peak rate of about >> 120MB/s / 100MB/s while the aggregated disk write throughput on each tablet >> servers is around 120MB/s. >> >> The table configuration I am playing with are: >> "table.file.replication": "2", >> "table.compaction.minor.logs.threshold": "10", >> "table.durability": "flush", >> "table.file.max": "30", >> "table.compaction.major.ratio": "9", >> "table.split.threshold": "1G" >> >> while the tablet server configuration is: >> "tserver.wal.blocksize": "2G", >> "tserver.walog.max.size": "8G", >> "tserver.memory.maps.max": "32G", >> "tserver.compaction.minor.concurrent.max": "50", >> "tserver.compaction.major.concurrent.max": "8", >> "tserver.total.mutation.queue.max": "50M", >> "tserver.wal.replication": "2", >> "tserver.compaction.major.thread.files.open.max": "15" >> >> the tablet server heap has been set to 32GB >> >> From Monitor UI >> >> >> As you can see I have a lot of valleys in which the ingestion rate >> reaches 0. >> What would be a good procedure to identify the bottleneck which causes >> the 0 ingestion rate periods? >> Thanks. >> >> Best Regards, >> Max >> >> >> >> >> >> >>
