suppose my data has 100 columns or fields, and i want to impose a schema.
is there a way i can create a separate file describing the schema of these
fields, and let PIG read the schema from that file?


Yes, if you put a json file named " .pig_schema" in the same directory as your 
data, Pig will use it to determine the schema:

http://pig.apache.org/docs/r0.10.0/func.html#pigstorage

Regards,
Marcos

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