Error instantiating servlet class, no root exception given

[Peter Moore]

I am trying to upgrade from Tomcat 4.1 to Tomcat 5.5.4, and am having 
problems migrating a struts application.  The application runs perfectly 
under Tomcat 4, but when I try to deploy it under version 5, I get the 
following in catalina.out:

------------------------------------------------------
Nov 17, 2004 2:55:45 PM org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol init
...
INFO: XML validation disabled
Nov 17, 2004 2:55:52 PM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
INFO: Marking servlet action as unavailable
Nov 17, 2004 1:40:20 PM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
SEVERE: Servlet /pcs threw load() exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Error instantiating servlet class 
d4.pcs.ServletPcsAction
      at 
org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1020) 

      at 
org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:886)
      at 
org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:3817) 

      ...
      at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:271)
      at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:409)
Nov 17, 2004 1:40:21 PM org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol start
INFO: Starting Coyote HTTP/1.1 on http-8080
Nov 17, 2004 1:40:22 PM org.apache.jk.common.ChannelSocket init
INFO: JK2: ajp13 listening on /0.0.0.0:8009
Nov 17, 2004 1:40:22 PM org.apache.jk.server.JkMain start
INFO: Jk running ID=0 time=0/132  config=null
Nov 17, 2004 1:40:22 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start
INFO: Server startup in 15628 ms
----------------------------------------------
This is the only debugging output I appear to get.  There is no 
root-cause exception stack trace, no output in other files, etc.

*  I have been able to get a basic "hello world"-type application to 
deploy, so I'm pretty sure that Tomcat 5 is working in a sane manner, 
and that I'm not doing anything incredibly wrong in terms of server 
configuration.

* In WEB-INF/web.xml:
  <servlet>
      <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>d4.pcs.ServletPcsAction</servlet-class>
      <init-param>
       ...
* The application in question extends the default struts servlet:
      public final class ServletPcsAction extends 
org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet { .... }
  This class has not changed at all, and works fine under TC 4.  There 
are numerous logging statements in this class, but no log statements 
show up anywhere. All I get is catalina.out.

* I am running on RH 9.0, and have exported  LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.1 as 
part of starting Tomcat.

* (TC 5.5) $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib/ has the following jar files:
commons-el.jar
jasper-compiler.jar
jasper-compiler-jdt.jar
jasper-runtime.jar
jsp-api.jar
mysql-jdbc-conn.jar
naming-factory-dbcp.jar
naming-factory.jar
naming-resources.jar
servlet-api.jar
* These classfile folders are all empty:  $TOMCAT_HOME/shared/lib/,   
.../shared/classes/,  .../common/classes/.

*  The application was written using struts 1.0.  I have tried putting 
in the latest Struts jars / tld files (1.2), etc. to no effect.

Does anyone perhaps have an idea as to where I might look next?
Thanks,
  Peter Moore
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