On Tue, 2024-09-03 at 14:57 -0700, Geoffrey Leach wrote:
> Working on bluetooth configuration I inadvertently killed regular
> (speakers)  sound. Nothing is muted and reboot did not change the
> situation.

You didn't say which desktop you're using (Gnome, KDE...).

I use Mate, which is like old Gnome, and I have a similar long-standing 
issue.  With multiple sound devices available (internal sound device,
HDMI monitor with built-in-sound, USB sound device), sometimes it
decides to use a different one after one login than the last time. 
Many a time I've wished it was easily possible to just send sound to
several devices simultaneously.

With Mate's sound preferences the output tab determines what device is
outputting sound (with some options about it).  The hardware tab
determines which hardware the volume control adjusts (with some other
options).  And it is possible to easily get in a state where the volume
control (and mute) is associated with the hardware that's not currently
in use.

It was also possible to get into states where the pulseaudio software
audio level controls before the hardware (each application's output in
the sound preferences tab) is lowered.  This can happen when lowering
the volume in a youtube clip, for example, through the webpage.

And then there were other hardware controls for the sound card, where
you could end up with some channels lowered (or muted) while you were
only controlling the master output through the desktop GUI.  This could
be controlled with alsamixer in the past, I don't know if it still is.

In mixer terminology, various sound sources come into a mixer with
individual level controls, and there's a master output volume control
for the final mix.  Sound has to go through the inputs on the way to
the outputs, the master control is the output stage level control, it's
not a one knob controls everything together.

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