John and all:
*REVISING** Average Mean Atomic Year Value (Y_2007 ):*
According to <_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year_>: The
current values for Year and their annual change in the time of return
to the cardinal ecliptic points are: (1) vernal equinox: 365.24237404
+ 0.00000010338×a days; (2) northern solstice: 365.24162603 +
0.00000000650×a days; (3) autumn equinox: 365.24201767 −
0.00000023150×a days; and (4) southern solstice: 365.24274049 −
0.00000012446×a days, where a is number of years after Y_2000 . I
consider the YEAR length can be fixed at the Average Mean Atomic Year
i.e. [365.24237404 + 365.24162603 + 365.24201767 + 365.24274049] / 4
=365.2421895575 days. Astronomers, however, have fixed the Year value,
Y_2000 = 365.242189669781 days. This during the past century, Y_1900
was 365d 5h 48m 45s.9747 i.e. 365.24219878125
days”.
In my works http://www.brijvij.com/, I have aimed to get Mean Year
value at: (365+31/128) = 365.2421875 days, using div.4/skip 128^th
years (for Leap Days count); or (7*128) =896-years/159 LWks to give
Mean Year = (365+159/896) = 365.2421875 days =7*(52+1/6+29/2688). I
now propose to fix, Y _2007 = 365.2421875 atomic-days and align with
Y_2000 = 365.242189669781 days, thus *ratio 365.242189669781/
365.2421875 =1.000000005940663686338260144168*. This also, mean that
‘New Atomic Day =86400.00051327334 25 atomic second’; each atomic
second of 794243389646333 cycles of Cs-133 at hyperfine levels.
Accordingly, decimal second (sd)=1/240000th of atomic day =3309347457
periods of radiations of Cs-133 at defined hyperfine levels.
Regards,
Brij Bhushan Vij
(MJD 2454360)/630+D-259 G (Sunday, 2007 September 16 H 19:09 (decimal) IST
Aa Nau Bhadra Kritvo Yantu Vishwatah -Rg Veda
Jan:31; Feb:29; Mar:31; Apr:30; May:31; Jun:30
Jul:30; Aug:31; Sep:30; Oct:31; Nov:30; Dec:30
(365th day of Year is World Day)
HOME PAGE: http://www.brijvij.com/
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Contact # 011-9818775933 (M)
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> From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> To: [email protected]
> Subject: [USMA:39433] Re: Year
> Date: Sun, 16 Sep 2007 03:13:17 -0700
>
> Also, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annum defines the unit "annum",
symbol
> "a", with metric multiples kiloannum, megaannum, gigaannum, etc. It
states
> that the symbol "yr" is deprecated.
> --
> John Hynes
> San Francisco
> www.decimaltime.org
> 2007 Sept. 16.425 UT
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "John Hynes" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> To: "U.S. Metric Association" <[email protected]>
> Sent: Sunday, September 16, 2007 2:54 AM
> Subject: [USMA:39432] Year
>
>
> > Going back to the discussion on the "year" unit, I found an
interesting
> > document called "The Unified Code for Units of Measure" at
> > http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/UCUM/ucum.html#section-introduction
> >
> > "Table 5: Other units from ISO 1000, ISO 2955, and some from ANSI
X3.50."
> > includes:
> >
> > name | kind of quantity | print | c/s | c/i | M | definition value |
> > definition unit
> > tropical year | time | at | a_t | ANN_T | no | 365.24219 | do
> > mean Julian year | time | aj | a_j | ANN_J | no | 365.25 | do
> > mean Gregorian year | time | ag | a_g | ANN_G | no | 365.2425 | do
> > year | time | a | a | ANN | no | 1 | a_j
> >
> > "print" symbols include non-ASCII characters, such as subscripts,
while
> > c/s and c/i are ASCII variants. M means "metric", which these
definitely
> > are not. I think that someone here mentioned the symbol "a" used with
> > subscripts, so perhaps they were referring to a common source. The
> > following section is pertinent:
> > ----------------
> > ANSI X3.50 had two different series of symbols for the units of
time, the
> > ones from ISO 2955 as adopted by The Unified Code for Units of
Measure and
> > the symbols "yr" "mo" "wk" "hr" and "sec" while "do" and "min" were
> > defined twice. The Unified Code for Units of Measure does not
define these
> > synonyms of ISO 2955 symbols, but does adopt those units from ANSI
X3.50
> > that are not part of ISO 2955, namely "mo" and "wk" Month and week
are
> > useful units mainly in business or clinical medicine.
> >
> > The semantics of the units of time is difficult to capture. The
> > difficulties start with the day: There is the sidereal and the
solar day
> > that depend on the earth's rotation. The earth's rotation is variable
> > during one day and is continually slowing down in the long run.
The usual
> > subdivisions of the day in 24 hours of 60 minutes and 60 seconds
> > originated in Babylonia. The earth's rotation was too inexact to
measure
> > time, which is why the 11th CGPM (1954) defined the second based on a
> > standarized historical tropical year (see below) which was later
(13th
> > CGPM 1967-1968) replaced by frequency measurement. Thus the second
came to
> > be the base unit of time and the day is now 864000 s exactly with the
> > Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) adding leap seconds every now and
then.
> >
> > For the year we have to distinguish the "tropical" (solar,
sidereal) year
> > from the calendar year. And both are difficult. The tropical year
is the
> > year defined by time the earth travels around the sun. This is
difficult
> > to measure and varies over time. Around 1900 it was 365.242196 do,
> > currently it is 365.242190 do and around 2100 it will be
365.242184 d. In
> > addition these durations are averages. The actual length of each
year may
> > vary by several minutes due to the gravitational influence of other
> > planets. Thus there is quite a high uncertainty already in the fourth
> > decimal digit.
> >
> > The calendar year is also difficult because there is the Julian
calendar
> > (Sosigenes of Alexandria and Julius Caesar, 45 BC) with a slightly
too
> > long year of 365.25 do that causes the calendar to be one day
ahead of the
> > tropical year in 128 years. The Gregorian calendar (Christopher
Clavius
> > 1537-1612 and Pope Gregory XIII 1545-1563) leaves out three leap
years in
> > 400 years (let n be the year number, the leap year is dropped if n
mod 100
> > = 0 but not n mod 400 = 0.) The Gregorian mean year is thus
365.2425 do.
> > This leap year arithmetic seems to be too much even for
astronomers, which
> > is why the light year ends up being defined based on the Julian
year [NIST
> > Sp. Pub. 811, 1995 Edition]. For this reason The Unified Code for
Units of
> > Measure defines Tropical, Julian and Gregorian year by means of
> > subscripts, but assigns the default year symbol to the Julian year.
> >
> > The week is 7 days, this is a biblic truth we can count on (it is
actually
> > quite plausible that the week of seven days originated in
Babylonia and
> > entered Jewish tradition during the Babylonian exile.)
> >
> > The difficultiy continues with the month. The lunar (so called
"synodal"
> > month is variable. Around 1900 it was 29.5305886 do currently it is
> > 29.5305889 do and in 2100 it will be 29.5305891 do, which we
fixate in the
> > 5th decimal digit with a considerable uncertainty. The calendar
month is
> > difficult because of the uneven distribution of days in a month
over the
> > year, and because of the two different calendar years. But we will
usually
> > use the mean calendar month, which is the Julian calendar year
divided by
> > 12.
> >
> > As a conclusion, great care has to be taken when the "customary
units" of
> > time are used to measure time. The SI has fixated the second which
should
> > be used whenever accuracy is required. For business purposes the
Julian
> > calendar is sufficient especially since the notion of the Work-Day
(vs.
> > Holiday) is more important than the imprecision over 128 years.
[Sources:
> > "Calendar" Britannica
> >
Online.http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=macro/5000/98/toc.html. Claus
> > Tondering, Frequently asked questions about calendars. Part 1. 1998.
> > http://www.pip.dknet.dk/~c-t/calendar.faq1.txt]
> >
> > -----------------
> >
> > --
> > John Hynes
> > San Francisco
> > www.decimaltime.org
> > 2007 Sept. 16.410 UT
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
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