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*Download Zip* https://t.co/xAoBT2OuiU The Russians experimented with hypnosis in the early 1900s but with limited success. They then began to explore the application of Pavlovian principles of behavior modification to the childbirth experience. Negative and painful responses to childbirth stimuli were deconditioned and replaced with other responses, such as breathing techniques and attention focusing. Introduced as the psychoprophylactic method of childbirth by the Russian Velvovsky, it was observed by Dr. Fernand Lamaze, a French obstetrician visiting the Soviet Union for a professional conference in 1951. Lamaze returned to France and adapted the psychoprophylactic method for use in his clinic, the Maternité.T de Metallurgiste. In his book, *Painless Childbirth*, Lamaze introduced a method that included teaching female anatomy, physiology of pregnancy, labor and birth, breathing techniques, and other exercises.6 Psychoprophylaxis as a method for childbirth spread rapidly throughout Europe and China and was introduced to the United States through the efforts of Karmel7 and Bing8 and referred to as the *Lamaze Method*. At a time when women were heavily sedated and husbands excluded from the birth process, Karmel and Bing promoted medication-free, prepared childbirth with active support from the husband. A few years later, the American Society for Psychoprophylaxis was founded. This organization set up official teacher training programs for the psychoprophylactic method. Classes include reproductive anatomy and physiology, nutrition, the process of labor and birth, anesthesia and analgesia, and cesarean birth. Now named Lamaze International, the method no longer teaches complicated breathing techniques for coping with the various phases of labor. The philosophy includes Other methods of childbirth education are increasing in popularity in the past decade, using various approaches. Hypnosis has been used since the 19th century to prevent or reduce pain, usually as an adjunct to other preparatory classes. The Mongan Method of *Hypnobirthing* uses relaxed, natural methods of education with self-hypnosis. Emphasis is placed on pregnancy and childbirth as well as the pre-birth parenting issues and unborn baby.11 A holistic or psychophysiologic approach is described by Peterson in her book, *Birthing Normally*.12 This method focuses on self-growth and an integration of mind and body to call upon one's own resources to cope with birth. The *Gamper Method*, originated by Margaret Gamper in 1946, is the foundation of the Dick-Read teachings and has been adapted over time to embrace the family-centered approach. Preparation for birth is accomplished through instillation of self-determination and confidence in the woman's ability to work with the natural forces of labor.13 It is less available as a method of childbirth, as instructors of this method are few. A psychosexual approach promoted by the *Kitzinger Method* also is based on the early work of Dick-Read. This method uses the body's tactile and auditory sensory memory of past experiences to elucidate relaxation. Pregnancy and birth are viewed as only a part of the entire psychosexual life cycle; thus, the woman's relationships with her husband, parents, and children also are explored.14 Other classes, best referred to as *nonmethod*, teach pertinent information, relaxation, and breathing techniques but do not conform to any one childbirth pain theory. Given that stress can interfere with the process of parturition, it is reasonable to expect that stress reduction might bring about a facilitation of the birth process. This is the foundation philosophy of most childbirth education methods. Despite many variations in treatment application, most contemporary labor preparation programs include four relatively discrete components, the primary purpose of which is to reduce stress. First, virtually all include a series of lectures designed to provide information about pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Second, most teach a series of respiratory behaviors to be used during various phases of the labor process. Third, brief training is provided in muscle relaxation. Finally, many programs encourage participation by the husband (or significant other) in the birth process by timing contractions, giving massage, and providing verbal encouragement and support. eebf2c3492 -- This mailing list is governed under the HashiCorp Community Guidelines - https://www.hashicorp.com/community-guidelines.html. Behavior in violation of those guidelines may result in your removal from this mailing list. GitHub Issues: https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues Discuss: https://discuss.hashicorp.com/c/vagrant/24 --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Vagrant" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/vagrant-up/f8b379dc-7df3-4786-ad47-c7dd7b12d529n%40googlegroups.com.
