I'm trying to source a syntax script using modeline     
//      vim:so $HOME/.vim/syntax/vera.vim

I'm getting the following error:

Error detected while processing modelines:
line   46:
E518: Unknown option: $HOME/.vim/syntax/vera.vim

What is wrong ?

A couple things:

1) the modeline can only be used to set options, not to perform arbitrary Ex commands.

        :help modeline

        ...
        {options}  a list of option settings, separated with
                white space or ':', where each part between
                ':' is the argument for a ":set" command
        ...

2) even if it were to allow arbitrary Ex commands, they are executed within the sandbox which prohibits access to other files:

        :help sandbox
        These items are not allowed in the sandbox
        ...
        -reading or writing a file
        ...


It looks like what you want is a custom filetype for your particular "vera" filetype. You can learn more about creating your own custom file types than any sane person should want to know by reading

        :help new-filetype

Hope this gives you some direction,

-tim






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