Ingo Karkat wrote:
On 11-Mar-2014 15:14 +0100, Ben Fritz wrote:

<snip>
Isn't this situation what shellescape() is designed for?

That's not saying shellescape() will work, but I think it's supposed
to work, unlike using a bare % which should always work for internal
Vim commands but will only work by accident in external commands.
No, shellescape() would be used in a mapping / command, like this:
shellescape(expand('%'), 1). With the 1 flag (for use with :!), a
literal % is properly escaped to \% so that Vim's special handling does
not apply.

% is handy for interactive use, like :!perl %

shellescape() is for use in a shell command argument being passed to the shell. The documentation even shows an example of using a filter. fnameescape() is for internal-vim use involving filenames (ie. avoid having % have magic with exe when you don't want it to). % is replaced with the current file name, just as it is typed. (see :he _%).

So, if the current filename contains spaces, that's what you can expect to see with the expansion.
The right way to do what the OP wants:

:exe "w !diff ".shellescape(expand("%"))

Regards,
Chip Campbell

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