Posted by Eugene Volokh:
The First Amendment and Cockfight Videos:
http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2007_07_08-2007_07_14.shtml#1184174039
[1]Adam Liptak at the New York Times reports:
A company that broadcasts cockfights on the Internet filed suit in
federal court in Miami on Tuesday to challenge a largely untested
federal law that makes it a crime to sell depictions of animal
cruelty.
The owners of a Web site that shows cockfights says that though
cockfighting is illegal in most states, it is legal in Puerto Rico,
where the Web casts are from....
The constitutionality of the same law is at issue in a case before
the federal appeals court in Philadelphia, in which a Virginia man
was sentenced to three years in prison for selling videotapes of
dog fights....
The relevant statute, [2]18 U.S.C. � 48, criminalizes (a) "knowingly
creat[ing], sell[ing], or possess[ing] a depiction of animal cruelty
with the intention of placing that depiction in interstate or foreign
commerce," though with an exception for (b) "any depiction that has
serious religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic,
historical, or artistic value."
"[D]epiction of animal cruelty" is defined in (c) to include "any
visual or auditory depiction ... of conduct in which a living animal
is intentionally maimed, mutilated, tortured, wounded, or killed, if
such conduct is illegal under Federal law or the law of the
[jurisdiction] in which the creation, sale, or possession takes place,
regardless of whether the maiming, mutilation, torture, wounding, or
killing took place in the [jurisdiction]." This means that it's a
federal crime to distribute videos of cockfighting in, say, California
(assuming the depictions lack "serious ... value") even if the
cockfighting was legal in the place (Puerto Rico) in which the video
was created.
The statute was enacted as an attempt to stop the distribution of
so-called "crush videos," which generally depict a woman's legs and
feet, often in high heels, stepping on insects, mice, or kittens; and
it does indeed seem to cover such videos, assuming the relevant state
law bars the underlying conduct (often yes as to killing kittens,
often no as to killing insects). Don't ask me why people would want to
watch this stuff, but apparently some get their jollies this way.
But on its face, the statute would also punish:
* A TV program showing foreign bullfights, which might be legal in
the country in which they're taken, but illegal in at least some
states in which the program is shown.
* A magazine with photographs of people illegally killing endangered
species in a foreign country.
* A magazine with photographs of people committing cruelty to
animals, aimed at exposing and punishing such cruelty, so long as
the magazine is sold on newsstands or by subscription (rather than
given away).
The drafters of the statute might not have wanted to punish this sort
of material, but clause (a) does indeed cover it. Clause (b) might
well exempt such material, but that depends entirely on how judges and
juries interpret "serious religious, political, scientific,
educational, journalistic, historical, or artistic value." One can
certainly argue that all the above has such serious value, but at
least as to the first item and maybe as to the others, some
factfinders might conclude otherwise -- the test is quite subjective,
and some jurors or judges might well say "this bullfighting scene has
no serious value; it's just aimed to shock, titillate, and get
ratings."
Note also an important difference between this clause and the third
prong of the obscenity test, from which the clause is borrowed: clause
(b) doesn't say that the work has to be judged "taken as a whole."
This means the "serious value" exemption under this law may well be a
smaller safe harbor than the "serious value" exemption under obscenity
law.
The statute doesn't fit within the existing obscenity or incitement
exceptions. President Clinton's signing statement tried to cabin the
statute by saying that the Justice Department should construe the law
narrowly, limiting it to "wanton cruelty to animals designed to appeal
to a prurient interest in sex"; that at least brings it closer to the
obscenity exception, though not entirely within it. But the signing
statement isn't part of the law, and is certainly not binding on later
administrations.
The real question is whether [3]the child pornography exception -- the
one exception that allows restriction of the distribution of speech
because of the manner in which the speech was created -- should be
extended to cover the distribution of material the making of which
involved harm to animals, rather than just harm to children. The
argument would be that, as with child pornography,
1. production of cruelty videos can be done in secret, but the
distribution has to be relatively public;
2. a ban on production will thus be very hard to enforce;
3. so long as there's money to be made in distributing cruelty
videos, there'll always be someone willing to produce them; and
thus,
4. to prevent the harm that takes place when the videos are made
(injury to animals), one also needs to stop their distribution.
The argument against extending the child pornography exception would
be:
1. The statute might end up suppressing a lot of valuable speech,
such as the film of the bullfight and the like, and clause (b) is
an inadequate safe harbor because it's much too vague.
2. The statute will in fact suppress more valuable speech than child
pornography law does, because depictions of animal cruelty are
more likely to be relevant to political debates or to legitimate
art than depictions of sex (or of lewd exhibition of genitals)
involving children.
3. The harm that the distribution of this speech causes -- indirectly
furthering animal cruelty -- is much less severe than the harm of
indirectly furthering sexual exploitation of children. (The legal
system itself embodies such a judgment -- child sexual abuse is a
very serious crime, generally punished much more severely than
animal cruelty. Cockfighting, in particular, is not even a crime
in Puerto Rico, though Congress could have outlawed it if it
wanted to. For more on when and whether it's legitimate for courts
to draw such crime severity lines as a constitutional matter, see
[4]Crime Severity and Constitutional Line-Drawing, 90 Va. L. Rev.
1957 (2004).)
This also illustrates how the "[5]slippery slope" can work in a legal
system that's built on precedent and analogy. Crush video laws have
indeed been advocated by their supporters as analogous to child
pornography bans; and while courts might well draw the line between
the two, perhaps on the grounds that child sexual abuse is just much
more harmful than crush videos, the analogy seemed to be at least
helpful in persuading legislatures to enact the laws.
Some might embrace the slippery slope here, if they think that cruelty
videos should be banned. Some who disagree about cruelty videos
nonetheless might accept the slippery slope risk, on the theory that
child pornography is so harmful that we should have an exception for
it even if there's some risk that the exception will spread further
than one would like. (That's my view.) But one shouldn't pretend that
the slippery slope risk doesn't exist.
References
1.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/us/11roosters.html?ex=1341806400&en=f644b6fb7bdb225a&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
2. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/ts_search.pl?title=18&sec=48
3.
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=458&invol=747
4. http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/severity.pdf
5. http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/slipperyshorter.pdf
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