Electromagnetic Composites at the Compton Scale http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1110/1110.0034v1.pdf
I. INTRODUCTION In recent years there have been a number of experimental observations that are dicult to explain within our nowstandard models of atomic and nuclear physics and cosmology. The case of so-called \dark matter" is an example. It appears that only a small fraction of the mass of the universe is constructed from ordinary protons, neutrons, and electrons. So, many cosmologists have turned to some relic elementary particle as the candidate to complete the mass de cit. Strange observations such as the excess heat from the earth and \cold fusion" are still other examples. We have wondered if there might be con gurations of nucleons and electrons that would not be directly observable in the same way as are the ordinary nucleon atomic systems. This consideration was the genesis of the work presented here. The possibility of new electromagnetic bound states in which the magnetic and electric forces are treated equally and are of comparable size was suggested in our recent paper [1]. For example, the electrostatic force between two electrons e2=r2 is comparable with the dipole-dipole magnetic force 2 e =r4 at a distance rc, where c is the electron Compton wavelength. In fact, a number of bound states involving two electron-like particles were found as solutions to the Dirac equation. However, none of these states involved nucleons because the nuclear magnetic moments are too small to produce binding. Yet, it seemed plausible that composites that included nucleons might be possible at the Compton scale. These composites might resemble normal atoms perhaps with different characteristics, but would be, of course, much smaller than atoms. In this paper, we propose simple composite systems that include nucleons but are still bound together by comparable electric and magnetic forces. These entities make up a three-body system which is too complicated to treat rigorously in a quantum mechanical manner, so we present a simple Schrodinger model (one which is consistent with its Dirac equation origin) to get quantitative estimates of the system's size and binding energy. Clearly, without a quantum electrodynamical formulation for these composites, their existence is unproven; however, since these entities appear plausible, we will look at the consequences as if they do exist. We rst describe several model calculations for these three-body systems and determine whether bound states appear possible. Second, we examine the situations in which these composites might be expected to be formed. Finally, we connect the characteristics of the proposed composite particles to a number of anomalous observations over the past years. In later papers, we will consider some of these anomalous observations in detail.
