*You also need to account for the neutrons in such a process and explain how so many H can enter the nucleus. You have simply thrown the clay against the wall to see what sticks rather than creating a pot. Anyone can do this. We need to know how to make a pot. *
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture *Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron, thereby changing a nuclear proton to a neutron and simultaneously causing the emission of an electron neutrino. Various photon emissions follow, as the energy of the atom falls to the ground state of the new nuclide.* On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 2:12 PM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: > > On Feb 10, 2014, at 10:48 AM, Axil Axil wrote: > > Ed states: > > This happens in a chemical system, not in plasma where your concept would > apply. Any separation of charge must take into account the surrounding > electrons and atoms. A "vibration" has to take place in a local region > having no connection to the chemical structure. That is the role of the > Hydroton. Where is your "hydroton"? > > > Axil: > > The NiH reactor has a localized region of plasma formation only. This > reactor is a pulsed system in which plasma is produced periodically in a > localized zone. Most of the volume of the reactor's hydrogen envelope is a > chemical system where vigorous heat driven dipole vibration of hydrogen and > other elements occur. > > This dipole activity happens in the micro particles an nano-particles > arrogates that condense out of the plasma. > > > But Axil, a lot of experience shows that this does not happen > spontaneously in a chemical system. > > Yes, DGT applies a plasma but not to the active Ni, which is shielded in > Ni foam. Rossi did not apply plasma initially, yet his e-Cat worked. Many > other people have studied the Ni-H2 system without using applied plasma. > Obviously, applied plasma is not required. I'm trying to understand what > IS REQUIRED not what might be imagined. > > Spontaneous plasma formation simply does not happen in a chemical system. > > > Ed states: > > I have no idea what this means and how it can happen. We know electrons > can be separated from the atoms and can result in an electric current when > voltage is applied. Where is the applied voltage in your case? What drives > the charge separation, which requires energy? Where does the voltage > gradient come from that is required to move the electrons? Without such > answers, this description is just hand-waving. > > > When two nanoparticles draw close together under the electrostatic > attraction, they may come into contact at a limited connection. > > What causes electrostatic attraction? You must be assuming the particles > are in a vacuum because if they have contact with a material they have no > charge because the excess electrons have been conducted away. > > > The electrons associated with the heat driven dipole motion will hit the > dialectic hydrogen filled boundary between the nanoparticles where they > will form a vortex current (hot spot). This is standard nanoplasmonic > theory that has been experimentally demonstrated. > > > This simply does not happen. I have no idea what you base this idea on. > Particles in contact do not form a discharge at their contact. The > particles are attached to each other by chemical interaction that does not > cause an energy difference such that the surrounding H2 is changed in any > way. Your citation has NO relationship to what you describe. > > The waves you cite are generated on surfaces by a applied electromagnetic > field. In addition, these waves have very little energy and localize very > little energy, with no ability to initiate a nuclear reaction. Nuclear > interaction requires much more energy than such processes can supply. We > know this because this energy can be measured and reactions occur ONLY when > this energy is supplied. LENR obviously uses a different process, but one > that you are not addressing. > > Notice in the citation, this idea is applied to photons, not to protons. > > > The evanescent waves constrain the EMF (electrons and heat) closely to the > surface of the nanoparticles and the space between them so when their > wavelengths eventually match, they bind together in a pair. That is what a > polariton is. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave > > > Ed states: > > Cooper pairs are known to form only at low temperature because they are > very unstable. In addition, you are applying a concept used to describe > electrons in superconductors to protons. What justification do you have for > such a structure to form between protons at room temperature and above? > How does a copper pair of p differ from H2? > Axil: > > Piantelli shows a 6 MeV proton coming out of a nickel bar. This implies > that a proton pair entered the nickel nucleus: one to produce the 6 MeV via > fusion of nickel into copper and one proton to exit the nucleus to remove > that energy from the nucleus. > > > This is not implied. It is assumed. The observation can be explained > several different ways. First of all, he did not determine this was a > proton. This particle could be an alpha resulting from fragmentation of Ni, > which is what I predict and can show fits many observations. > > How does causing a proton to react with Ni to make Cu result in energy if > the proton comes right back out? > > Also, the large amount of iron reported in Rossi's ash assay, requires a > reaction involving two protons. The abundance of light elements in the DGT > ash assay requires fusion of multiple proton pairs with nickel. > > > Fusion always produces a heavier element compared to the target. On a few > occasions, your list shows fusion followed by fission to produce two > fragments. I agree, much transmutation results from fusion-fission, but not > all. > > You also need to account for the neutrons in such a process and explain > how so many H can enter the nucleus. You have simply thrown the clay > against the wall to see what sticks rather than creating a pot. Anyone can > do this. We need to know how to make a pot. > > In my book, I propose a mechanism, the resulting nuclear reaction, why it > results in transmutation and what transmutation products result. When > compared to what is reported, the fit is good. You need to do the same with > your idea. > > > It is a safe assumption that pairing of protons is occurring. > > > I see no reason for this assumption. Such pairs are only found in H2, > which is not nuclear reactive. > > Ed states: > > I suggest you go the next step and calculate the elements formed, their > decay modes, and whether the reaction is exothermic. And then see if the > consequence is consistent with what is observed. Simply making unsupported > imagined statements without going the next step is not very useful. > > Axil: > > 1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + n + 1.974 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 64Zn + 13.835 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 63Cu + 1H + 6.122 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 4He + 9.879 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 56Fe + 3.495 MeV <==== this one produces iron. > 1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 12C + 3.249 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 16O + 1.057 MeV > 1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 30Si + 2.197 MeV > > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ge + n + 10.750 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 66Ge + 24.037 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Ga + 3H + 4.007 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 64Ga + 2H + 8.108 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ga + 1H + 17.778 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Zn + 5He + 7.372 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 62Zn + 4He + 21.156 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + 3He + 9.692 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Cu + 7Li + 3.859 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Cu + 6Li + 6.667 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Cu + 5Li + 12.713 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Ni + 10Be + 3.707 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Ni + 9Be + 7.144 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 17.696 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Ni + 7Be + 7.795 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 6Be + 8.507 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Co + 11B + 7.769 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Co + 10B + 6.398 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Co + 9B + 9.338 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Fe + 14C + 7.721 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Fe + 13C + 10.230 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Fe + 12C + 18.662 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Fe + 11C + 9.239 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Fe + 10C + 7.316 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Mn + 15N + 10.550 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Mn + 14N + 10.252 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Mn + 13N + 11.752 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Mn + 12N + 0.627 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Cr + 18O + 6.010 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49Cr + 17O + 8.549 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50Cr + 16O + 17.406 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Cr + 15O + 11.003 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 14O + 9.819 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47V + 19F + 5.899 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48V + 18F + 6.011 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49V + 17F + 8.415 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50V + 16F + 0.951 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ti + 22Ne + 7.983 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Ti + 21Ne + 7.147 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 46Ti + 20Ne + 13.575 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47Ti + 19Ne + 5.591 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 18Ne + 5.580 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Sc + 25Na + 0.410 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Sc + 24Na + 2.949 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Sc + 23Na + 8.128 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Sc + 22Na + 5.408 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Sc + 21Na + 5.662 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ca + 27Mg + 4.271 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ca + 26Mg + 13.471 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Ca + 25Mg + 10.740 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Ca + 24Mg + 14.890 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Ca + 23Mg + 6.292 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ca + 22Mg + 4.275 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37K + 29Al + 5.425 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38K + 28Al + 8.061 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39K + 27Al + 13.413 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40K + 26Al + 8.155 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41K + 25Al + 6.885 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Ar + 32Si + 4.868 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Ar + 31Si + 8.406 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Ar + 30Si + 17.074 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Ar + 29Si + 15.252 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38Ar + 28Si + 18.617 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ar + 27Si + 8.036 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ar + 26Si + 4.594 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 32Cl + 34P + 0.297 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33Cl + 33P + 9.751 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Cl + 32P + 11.155 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Cl + 31P + 15.864 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Cl + 30P + 12.132 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Cl + 29P + 11.124 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33S + 33S + 15.582 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 32S + 18.357 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35S + 31S + 10.301 MeV > 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36S + 30S + 7.137 MeV > > The last 4 produce lighter elements. > > There are also similar reactions for the other Ni isotopes, and also for > the > daughter products of the initial reactions, e.g. :- > > > 1H+1H+64Zn => 66Ge + 10.202 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 65Ga + 1H + 3.942 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 62Zn + 4He + 7.321 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 3.860 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 54Fe + 12C + 4.827 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 50Cr + 16O + 3.571 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 42Ca + 24Mg + 1.055 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 36Ar + 30Si + 3.239 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 37Ar + 29Si + 1.417 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 38Ar + 28Si + 4.782 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 35Cl + 31P + 2.029 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 33S + 33S + 1.746 MeV > 1H+1H+64Zn => 34S + 32S + 4.522 MeV > > > > Ed states: > > I have no idea how a magnetic field "shines" on a boundary. This > combination of words makes no sense to me. > > Axil: > > A polariton is a photon and an electron locked together in a pair. This > pair orbits around a cavity on its edge. The spin of all polaritons are > pointed such that the polariton ensemble produces a magnetic field at the > center of the soliton perpendicular to the circular polariton current > (whirlpool). This current is superconducting. When photons and electrons > enter into the soliton, they don't exit. By the way, polariton solitons are > used as a research tool to understand the behavior of astrophysical black > holes. > > As best as I can tell, this description is based only on theory. We know > that photons interact with electrons but just how this is done and the > results are pure theory. You then assume that gamma rays can follow > magnetic field lines, which is news to anyone who has studied gamma rays. > > LENR is obviously a new phenomenon. However, how gamma rays behave is not > knew. Also, how magnetic fields behave is not new. Proposing behavior about > gamma rays and magnetic fields that are way outside of experience does not > help explain LENR. This is like explaining one mystery by another mystery > until the explanation gets more unbelievable in proportion to the mystery > squared. > > LENR can be explained using known behavior up to a certain critical point. > That point needs to be clearly identified, which I have attempted to do. > Once that point is identified, the new possibilities are very limited. > Until this concept is accepted, discussions about hypothetical processes > will make no progress and reach no agreement. People need to stop throwing > the clay against the wall, agree on what a pot needs to look like, and get > to work making the design. > > Ed Storms > > I believe that the magnetic field projections from the soliton screen the > charge of all fermions in the nucleus including the nucleus and all protons > in the neighborhood. When the nucleus and many di-protons pairs around it > reorganizes, gamma energy travels back on the magnetic field lines from the > soliton and the photons gain energy generating increase magnetic field > strengths going forward. The magnetic fields produced by such solitons can > get huge. > > > The spin of the polariton produces the magnetic field in the same way that > an iron magnet produces a magnetic field; that is through spin alignment > except that it has only one pole. > > Charge movement does not produce a current. The magnetic field projects > out of a polariton ring normal to it in one direction or the opposite > direction depending on the spin orientation of the polariton.. > > > > > > On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 11:02 AM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: > >> >> On Feb 10, 2014, at 8:30 AM, Axil Axil wrote: >> >> Thanks Ed >> >> My concept of the LENR reaction is a passive one. Yours is a more active >> one. >> >> >> Axil, I would say your concept uses one aspect of a theoretical concept >> while my concept involves the entire LENR process. >> >> >> According to my current way of thinking, dipole vibration maintains the >> separation of electron and proton in hydrogen. >> >> This happens in a chemical system, not in plasma where your concept would >> apply. Any separation of charge must take into account the surrounding >> electrons and atoms. A "vibration" has to take place in a local region >> having no connection to the chemical structure. That is the role of the >> Hydroton. Where is your "hydroton"? >> >> These separated electrons are then sequestered and redirected into the >> NAE (aka soliton) by topological discontinuity in the lattice and become >> part of the polariton ensemble inside the NAE. >> >> >> I have no idea what this means and how it can happen. We know electrons >> can be separated from the atoms and can result in an electric current when >> voltage is applied. Where is the applied voltage in your case? What drives >> the charge separation, which requires energy? Where does the voltage >> gradient come from that is required to move the electrons? Without such >> answers, this description is just hand-waving. >> >> The naked protons are then acted upon by the EMF based charge screening >> effects of the NAE. With their coulomb repulsion completely removed, these >> protons become attractive to each other and pair up based on their opposing >> spins to form cooper pairs. >> >> Cooper pairs are known to form only at low temperature because they are >> very unstable. In addition, you are applying a concept used to describe >> electrons in superconductors to protons. What justification do you have for >> such a structure to form between protons at room temperature and above? >> How does a copper pair of p differ from H2? >> >> The next step is a group fusion process where these multiple cooper pairs >> of protons fuse with a high Z element in a group fusion process in a zone >> of almost complete charge screening. >> >> >> This makes no sense. I have no idea what you are describing here. >> >> For example, 8 protons (4 cooper pairs) might fuse with a nickel atom to >> produce multiple light elements which might include multiple helium atoms. >> >> I suggest you go the next step and calculate the elements formed, their >> decay modes, and whether the reaction is exothermic. And then see if the >> consequence is consistent with what is observed. Simply making unsupported >> imagined statements without going the next step is not very useful. >> >> The charge screening comes from the NAE. The ions that are to be fused >> are all very close by the soliton and located in the solid boundaries of >> the lattice defect. The very strong magnetic field coming from the NAE is >> the coulomb barrier screening field. This magnetic field shines brightly on >> the solid boundaries of the NAE where complete screening of the coulomb >> barrier occurs. >> >> >> I have no idea how a magnetic field "shines" on a boundary. This >> combination of words makes no sense to me. >> >> Ed Storms >> >> >> >> >> >> On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 9:25 AM, Edmund Storms <[email protected]>wrote: >> >>> Axil, I hope you realize the Hydroton, which I propose allows the >>> fusion reaction to take place and dissipates the energy, involves resonance >>> of electrons coupled to hydrogen atoms. I'm describing the structure in >>> which the polariton would operate. So far you have not supplied this >>> essential feature in your concept. No matter which mechanism is proposed, >>> it MUST operate in a collection of hydrogen nuclei that form by normal >>> chemical processes. That structure is the Hydroton. Once this structure is >>> identified, several consequences result and many behaviors can be >>> explained. You might consider how your idea relates the entire mechanism I >>> propose. >>> >>> Ed Storms >>> >>> On Feb 10, 2014, at 5:50 AM, Axil Axil wrote: >>> >>> *Fusion by Pseudo-Particles Part 1 Past, Present and Future >>> *<http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infinite-energy.com%2Fiemagazine%2Fissue107%2Ffusion.html&ei=fMf4UqCdAaLXyAHjkIGoCw&usg=AFQjCNHgR2buciUArxiJKPs6HEO1r1D-Mw&sig2=-s1tlcoJnwCN6GFpl0DIIA&bvm=bv.60983673,d.dmQ> >>> >>> >>> http://www.egely.hu/letoltes/Fusion-by-Pseudo-Particles-Part1.pdf >>> >>> I have come across a fellow traveler who can express the truth about the >>> central role of the polariton in LENR and understands why this fact is so. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >> >> > >
