thank you I will read it tomorrow Peter
On Mon, Sep 22, 2014 at 9:57 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > *Dear Peter, * > > *This comment too long to put into your last blog post: *NEW LENR TAXONOMY > > *There is good reason to believe that magnetism is the prime mover in > LENR. Under this speculative paradigm, it is interesting to consider the > options and consequences of this conjecture. In such a paradigm, any > technology that is friendly to magnetism would be good for LENR, and > conversely, a technology that undercuts the strength of magnetism is bad.* > > > > *The Pd/D wet technology is more unfriendly to magnetism than nickel > because it makes magnetism more difficult to maintain. Firstly as a general > technological principle, an isotope must have a nuclear spin of zero to > enable the LENR reaction. There is much experimental evidence to support > this conjecture. For an explanation see below. In this respect, palladium > has a nuclear spin profile that is about 78% effective. 105Pd has a > non-zero spin and is 22% of the isotopic contents of run of the mill > palladium. * > > > > *On the other hand, Nickel is much more efficient in terms of supporting > magnetism. 61Ni has a non-zero nuclear spin, but that isotope is only 1.14% > of the isotopic content of Nickel.* > > > > *Palladium is paramagnetic and Nickel is ferromagnetic. So nickel is more > desirable than palladium as a magnetic reaction catalyst.* > > > *In more detail, this thinking is underpinned by a speculative LENR > reaction rule that is interesting to explore. That rule is that the LENR > reaction must occur among atomic ions that have zero nuclear spin.* > > *In explanation, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon > in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic > radiation. This energy is at a specific resonance frequency which depends > on the strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the > isotope of the atoms; in practical applications, the frequency is similar > to old style VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR allows > the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of the > atomic nucleus. * > > > > *All isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons > have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a > nonzero spin, while all nuclides with even numbers of both have a total > spin of zero. The most commonly studied NMR active nuclei are 1H and 13C, > although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements (e.g. 2H, 6Li, 10B, > 11B, 14N, 15N, 17O, 19F, 23Na, 29Si, 31P, 35Cl, 113Cd, 129Xe, 195Pt) have > been studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well.* > > > > *It is now known that Ni61 does not participate in the LENR reaction. Ni61 > is a NMR active isotope. When a magnetic field is applied to an NMR active > isotope, the magnetic energy imparted to the nucleus is dissipated by > induced nuclear vibrational energy which is radiated away as rf energy. The > non-zero spin of the the nucleus shields the nucleus from the external > magnetic field not allowing that field to penetrate into it. External > magnetic fields catalyze changes in the protons and neutrons in the nucleus > as well as enabling accelerated quantum mechanical tunneling. If this > external magnetic field is shielded by NMR activity, LENR transmutation of > the protons and neutrons in the nucleus is made more difficult.* > > > > *Therefore, during the course of an extended LENR reaction cycle, isotope > depletion will tend to favor the enrichment and buildup of NMR active > elements.* > > > > *Hydrogen with non-zero spin will not participate in the LENR reaction > whereas cooper pairs of protons will. Expect LENR reactions centered on > pairs of protons with zero spin.* > > > > *Also, as the LERN reaction matures and more NMR active isotopes > accumulate, the LENR reactor will put out increasing levels or rf radiation > derived from the nuclear vibrations of the NMR isotope.* > > > > *This NMR thinking also applies to the nature of the various isotopes of > hydrogen.* > > > > *Molecular hydrogen occurs in two isomeric forms, one with its two proton > spins aligned parallel (orthohydrogen), the other with its two proton spins > aligned antiparallel (parahydrogen). At room temperature and thermal > equilibrium, hydrogen consists of approximately 75% orthohydrogen and 25% > parahydrogen.* > > > > > > *Orthohydrogen hydrogen has non zero spin, this is bad for Ni/H LENR > because the non zero spin wastes magnetic energy by producing RF radiation. > Parahydrogen hydrogen has zero spin. This is good for Ni/H LENR because > this type of hydrogen is magnetically inactive.* > > > > *This is a way to increase parahydrogen hydrogen by using a noble metal > catalyst.* > > > > *see* > > > > *Catalytic process for ortho-para hydrogen conversion* > > > > *http://www.google.com/patents/US3383176 > <http://www.google.com/patents/US3383176>* > > > > *Could this metallic ruthenium and certain ruthenium alloys be Rossi's > secret sauce?* > > > > *The first step in the hydrogen doublet fusion process is the formation of > one or more atoms of 2He.* > > > > *Helium-2 or 2He, also known as a diproton, is an extremely unstable > isotope of helium that consists of two protons without any neutrons. > According to theoretical calculations it would have been much more stable > (although still beta decaying to deuterium) had the strong force been 2% > greater. Its instability is due to spin-spin interactions in the nuclear > force, and the Pauli exclusion principle, which forces the two protons to > have anti-aligned spins and gives the diproton a negative binding energy.* > > > > *By the way, the ash produced by the LENR reaction will have a non-zero > nuclear spin such as lithium, boron, and beryllium. This is due to the fact > that the ash is at the end of the LENR reaction chain that terminates with > an isotope featuring a non-zero nuclear spin.* > > > > *Furthermore, all the stable isotopes of copper have a non-zero nuclear > spin. This may be way these isotopes are found in the ash assay of Rossi’s > reactor.* > > > > *One last correlation remains.* > > > > *It seems that the popular wet LENR catalyst acts like a superconductor > for protons where protons pair up into a cooper pair.* > > > > *See* > > > > *http://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.1386.pdf <http://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.1386.pdf>* > > > > *This work emphasizes that atoms in the crystal-field of KHCO3 are not > individual particles possessing properties in their own right. They merge > into macroscopic states and exhibit all features of quantum mechanics: > non-locality, entanglement, spin-symmetry, superposition and interferences. > There is every reason to suppose that similar quantum effects should occur > in many hydrogen bonded crystals undergoing structural phase transitions.* > > > > *I understand spin-symmetry to mean a zero nuclear spin.* > > > > *This catalyst provides a proton dimer of zero spin to the wet LENR > reaction. This is the reason why this catalyst enhances electrolytic LENR > in water. * > > > > > > > -- Dr. Peter Gluck Cluj, Romania http://egooutpeters.blogspot.com
