This post will attempt to describe how an effective temperature of -154 F (-103 C, or 173K) can be simulated in structure that can be well above that temperature. Using the remarkable insight of the Tsuchida analysis, we can even go one step further and design a QM experiment that could end up being overwhelming in its impact to any LENR skeptic.
Several past references have been made to the possibility that the so-called "Letts effect" is a robust, or much higher than normal QM reaction. More specifically it may be evidence of BEC-like coherence being "forced" into deuterium-loaded palladium. This is not independent of QM "tunneling" but the two may work together in concert. In 1989, Pons & Fleischmann argued that fusion was taking place at low temperature because the "effective" confinement pressure on a D-loaded Pd matrix was equivalent to D2 gas pressures of about 8x10^26 atm. Others have countered that electrolytic action, or overpotential, does not produce "any actual pressure" over about 1 atm. The Italian researcher Celani has gone to great lengths to equate actual pressure with overpotential and states that 1:1 D2 gas loading is the indeed the real equivalent of 22,000 atm. His argument is convincing. http://www.memex.it/Fusione/Celani.htm One effect of high pressure is in "closing up" systems, thereby reducing entropy. For example, a pressure of 12,000 atm. reduces the entropy of many metals by 30 per cent and effective temperature far more by converting temperature into "kinetic potential," a feature that is inherent in all entropic systems. Pressure, in many respects, produces physical effects identical to low temperature. 1000 atm can be considered for some purposes roughly equivalent to a temperature of ~12 º K. If Tsuchida is correct, we need only reach a "coherent temperature of 172 K, or -154F, which is above the temperature of liquid nitrogen and similar to the temperature range of many high temperature semiconductors. The paper referenced by Colin Quinney yesterday has related information on the cross-over connection between the two fields. The beta-aether, as demonstrated in the Casimir law, is an inverse fourth power law. At a separation of 10 nm the force/area is about 1 atm. above background, but the active site in LENR is much smaller and we have 4th (or fifth) power enhancement going down several orders of magnitude. In 1997 the prediction of Casimir was verified for the first time. In 1998 precision measurements corroborated the predictions to an accuracy of several percent, so that part is beyond speculation. But 1 atm is nowhere near 1000 atm, but neither is the aether uniform. A hierarchical aether, like the theory of Frank Grimer may change to a different power law below the Forster radius of about 2 nanometers. A classical calculation shows that the power radiated by a blackbody is also proportional to the inverse fourth power of wavelength, following the same constraints as the Casimir...BUT... Although this holds experimentally for long wavelengths, it fails utterly for short wavelengths and was corrected by Max Planck. At short wavelength we find a jump to a fifth power law. In a remarkable paper by K. Tsuchida "Quantum states of Deuterons in Palladium" Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. looks at the possibility of a condensate in the octahedral void of a Pd matrix constructed by 6 vacancies within the FCC structure of Pd, which functions as an "ion trap" for 5-6 deuterium ions. The radius in question is a little over 3 angstrom. This would indicate that normal Casimir pressures would be well over 1000 atm even without recourse to a higher power law. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that in this situation the deuterium functions just as it would at cryogenic temperatures. It may be a "slam-dunk" to create a BEC-like coherence (to use an americanism), if we also lower the active material to that exact temperature. Heat consists of seemingly random motion at the atomic level, but with atoms jostling at preferred vibrations levels (blackbody radiation) in order to geotropically dissipate energy. The higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion, and the greater the seeming randomness of the emission spectrum... except for the effects of pressurization. It is easy to confuse heat and internal energy and neglect internal potential energy as part of that energy of vibration. The percentage of internal stored potential energy associated with those atoms molecules or ions can be varied by confinement. In the case of the kinetic theory, the empirical basis comes from observed relationships among variables like temperature, pressure, volume, and numbers of particles for gases, and for the specific heats of gases and solids (considering vibrational modes for solids). It also comes from the experiments of Mayer and Joule that established heat as a form of energy equivalent to mechanical energy. The rotational and vibrational kinetic energies, and potential energies associated with vibration, are connected to the net internal energy of that gas, but not necessarily to its real temperature. Thus, oxygen gas during its phase transition from gas to liquid does not undergo a real temperature change. If Celani is correct, and Frank Grimer is correct then it follows that Beta-atmosphere partial vacua of minus 22,000 atmospheres (approximately pF 7) exists. It is within this exotic regions, shielded from the external Beta-atmosphere differential pressure of 22,000 atmospheres, that cold fusion takes place. There is no reason that if coherence is forced, that the reaction would be sequential over time. I hope to present a more detailed proposal for an actual experiment to verify this speculation at a later date. If would involve what could be called "ice-cold fusion" in that a target is both physically cooled to -154 F at the same time it is being irradiated over its entire surface at the corresponding frequency of this temperature in a very strong crossed magnetic field. If the Tsuchida analysis is correct, then Letts used a frequency that is way off from optimum, and it is easy to show that the magnetic field he used of 350 Gauss is way too puny. Deuterium would not be firmly effected in anything less than 10 kilogauss. The experiment will need to be performed with shielding because if it works at all, it will probably end in a mini-explosion about the size and energy release of such things as an exploding capacitor, if anyone is familiar with that. There are just to many coincidental alignments in the accumulating facts to ignore this possibility of an underlying BEC-like coherence. More later, Jones
