Whilst researching the work of the Graneau's I came across the following.
================================================ http://users.erols.com/iri/FutureEnergyTech.html Cold Fog Discovery Many other systems exist today, in a research, development, or theoretical stage, which also convert potential energy into useful work. The first example is the "Cold Fog" invention of Dr. Peter Graneau from Northeastern University that converts chemical bond energy into kinetic energy. Intermolecular bond energy in water is an available amount of energy estimated at 2.3 kJ/g. When injected with a high voltage capacitor discharge of 39.8 Joules, normal rainwater is accelerated into a cold fog that loses about 31.2 Joules of low-grade heat and a comparable amount (29.2 Joules) in fog kinetic energy output. As reported in the Journal of Plasma Physics,[3] the output energy thus exceeds the input energy by about 100% creating a 2-to-1 overunity condition favorable for reduction to a motorized conversion system. Capacitor Input Energy: 39.8 joules ! V Fog Kinetic En. <- Cold Fog -> Low Grade Heat 29.2 Joules Accelerator 31.2 Joules ================================================ Now this is not a million miles from the type of thing that Jones and I have been suggesting. Furthermore, it is clearly over unity and unequivocally recognised to be so. In other words energy is being drawn from the environment, more specifically the combination of the inter-molecular compressive strain energy brought about by the Beta-atmosphere Compreture stress on the water molecules (between batches variation in terms of Analysis of Variance) and the balancing infra-molecular tensile strain energy (within batches variation). Now it is clear that this system is no way optimized. In particular, the low grade heat of 31.2 Joules is not some unchangeable law of the Medes and Persians, though no doubt skeptics would like to think so. The low grade heat represents the sub-optimization of the explosive process, the failure of the cold fog accelerator to prevent the Beta atmosphere compression from grabbing back some proportion of the individual water molecules. The maximum theoretical yield of Kinetic Energy to Capacitor Input energy is 60.4/39.8 = 1.52 And what is the significance of this ratio, 1.52. Not rocket science is it. Not unreasonable to suppose that within the limits of experimental error this is 3/2, i.e. the relation between volume and area which is what you might expect. I remember once discussing our power law work with my colleague, Nigel Clayton. He said that he reckoned ultimately it all came down to the relation between surface and volume, area and volume in other words. I must admit, that was a bridge too far for me at the time but I have always remembered his insight and kept a lookout for good examples. Cheers Frank Grimer ..and for those who like names that fit their occupations how about Graneau standing for granulated water. 8-)
