----- Original Message -----
From: John Harris
"Although one can conclude that MAHG is using a thoriated W
filament, I think page 37 #4 of the workbook should lay this to
rest. It clearly states a pure tungsten filament with calculations
of lifetime etc. If this be disregarded then the rest of the
workbook can be scrapped as well"
Good point, unless they were trying to dodge export/import
restrictions in order to get the thing out of St. Petersberg,
Russia across, let's see 7 or 8? different national borders, if
moved by truck. Of course the same difficulty would apply to any
Sveltalna tube, apparently, so it would seem that John is correct
and this is either pure tungsten, or pure BS.
It also raises and interesting point about Tungsten, which was
mentioned earlier - it being more like a ceramic in physical
porperties, and the fact that a surface hydride layer is perfectly
positioned to "pump" ZPE energy ala -the Casimir or any other
source like UV light.
There are some alloys which consist of dozen of metals. There are
many alloys which contain only two metals, these being called
bimetallic, but their properties depend on the proportion of
their components. Thoriated tungsten is bimetallic with usually on
1-3% thorium - preferable 2%.
Some metals fuse so readily and in any proportion that the
melting point of one of them does not have to be reached (such as
brass - the alloy of copper and zinc). Others, such as copper and
tungsten, are reluctant to mix under any conditions. In fact no
metal, even thorium, will alloy with tungsten under normal
circumstances of melting. Manufactures usually use an unusual
method, such as powder metallurgy, that is by sintering tungsten
powders under pressure with the other metal. Often the throium is
added as an oxide, not as the metal.
More recently, 1.5 % lanthanated tungsten has emerged as what
could be the future standard for tungsten electrodes. The 1.5 % by
weight content (as opposed to 2% thorium) was chosen by the
largest welding rode manufacturers as the optimum content amount
based on scientific studies which showed that this content amount
most closely mirrors the conductivity characteristics of 2%
thoriated tungsten.
Anyway - if there is something unusual happening in the tungsten,
it may get back to that one singularity mentioned earlier on the
aH forum, about the hydride - in the case of tungsten hydride, the
W atoms can be quintiply bonded !!
....i.e. there are at least **5 bonding states** between tungsten
atoms, all of them have may have potential energy-spreads like
what one finds in ortho-para-hydrogen (which is pretty small)...
but 5 bonding states is most unusual and perhaps is a singularity
in the periodic table. Together with the ortho-para-hydrogen
variability, it opens up another "can of worms".... which is a
slight enegy spread being multiplied by the billion times per
second per molecule collision rate. An extra billionth of an eV in
assymetry, at this rate of collision will amount to a lot of
excess energy.
Five bonding states offer a lot of options for "pumping" energy
from any little-appreciated source like ZPE and might operate in
consort with the two hydrogen states ... especially if UV and
even visible light frequencies within the tube are able to change
those states from lower to higher energy. This does not chage my
suspicion that the initating source of excess energy is UV photon
emission from the Dirac/Hotson epo field (i.e. ZPE) which
"source" needs to be pinpointed, even if
ortho-para-hydrogen pumping, and not the W-H pumping were to be
the proximate source of the effect.
Jones
- Hydride pumping... was MAHG Calorimetry Glitch? Jones Beene
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