I mentioned that I have several of Schwartz's papers but he has adamantly
refused to give you permission to upload any. Of course that's fine with
me, and I always honor the author's wishes. I wish that Schwartz would
upload his papers somewhere, but he chooses not to.
Be that as it may, the readers here may find his work interesting, and
while I cannot upload his papers or distribute them, I see no harm in
sharing some of the text from one. Here is part of the first page of the
most recent paper in my collection. People who find this interesting should
ask Swartz for a copy. This does not look like commercial development, but
it is interesting.
Frankly, I do not see what all the fuss is about.
- Jed
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THE IMPACT OF HEAVY WATER (D2O) ON NICKEL-LIGHT WATER COLD FUSION SYSTEMS
Mitchell R. Swartz, Gayle M. Verner, Alex H. Frank
JET Energy Technology
ABSTRACT
Heavy water (D2O) yields significant increases in the excess heat
observed for nickel light water systems for all input electrical power
levels examined (250 to 1500 milliwatts). Gas-free spiral-wound,
cold-worked nickel cathodes [volume 0.47 cm3, area 6.39 cm2] with an anodic
platinum plate en face were examined near the peak of their optimal
operating point (OOP) manifold. The peak power gain for light water [1.25
+/-.15] increased with the addition of 3.7% D2O to 1.7 +/-0.2. The rate of
peak excess energy generated by the nickel light water system increased
from 0.25 +/-.05 Joules per second with H2O, to 0.36+/-0.1 with 3.7% D2O,
to 0.5+/-0.1 with 7.4% D2O. The volume specific rate of excess energy
accumulation as a function of the deuteron population is 6.0 [D/H] + 0.45
Joules/sec-cm3. The surface specific rate of excess energy accumulation is
0.44 [D/H] + 0.03 Joules/sec-cm2. The form of the OOP-manifold remains
similar to that for light water. We report that "overdrive" loading of
deuterons into these materials, especially at >4% D2O, and at >700
milliwatts, produce irreversible change in the nickel, characterized both
by gross loss of performance and synchronous irreversible lowering of the
nickel electrode's specific electrical resistivity when examined by the
four-probe technique [~8-9.6%].
1. INTRODUCTION
In this paper, we report that the addition of heavy water yields
significant incremental increases in the excess heat for nickel-light water
cold fusion systems (platinum anode, ordinary water, and a nickel cathode).
When examined at the optimal operating points (OOP), there are specific
D2O-related increases in the output of excess heat, or power gain,
produced. One important implication is that deuterons are the fuel in some
of the reactions in the nickel systems, as they are in palladium systems.
The loaded deuterons, especially at higher D2O concentrations and at higher
input electrical power, produce reversible change in the nickel. These
change make the material less able, and then unable, to produce excess
heat. Such "overdriven" nickel reactors demonstrate very low level optimum
operating points at or below those of a joule resistor, or a fresh cathode.
The changes wrought include a significant lowering of the nickel
electrode's specific electrical resistivity by ~8-9.6% when examined by the
four-probe technique.
2. BACKGROUND-LOADING FLUX RATE IS SINE QUA NON
Since the announcement of the discovery of cold nuclear fusion in
March 1989, there are several reasons for the difficulty in achieving the
desired reactions1, 2. The metal must fill with enough isotope (here
deuterons) to obtain the desired reactions3, 4. Loading can be analyzed
using quasi-one-dimensional models [5-8] via the fuel flux equation
(equation 1) based on diffusivity (BD) and electrophoretic mobility . . .
