How to build a Rossi powder pretreatment processor. I copied this design from Ken Shoulders.
Firstly, the spark can be generated at the tip of a sharply pointed electrode when a large negative charge (2-10 kv) is applied. A dielectric plate (preferably fused quartz or alumina, typically 0.0254 cm thick) intervenes between the emitter cathode and the collector anode. I believe that Rossi uses fued quartz because a particle of silicon oxide was found in the pretreated fuel by the Lugano fuel analysis. A thin channel is cut in the dielectric as a holder for the 5 micron nickel powder. This allows the spark to follow the channel and interact with the nickel powder. The arc makes a streak of light as it travels across the surface of the dielectric following the channel, and imparts a localized surface charge. An amount of time suffent to allow the electric charge produced by the spark to disperse so that the next spark will follow the channel. Unless this charge is dispersed, it will cause the next spark to follow another path. A witness plate of metal foil may be positioned to intercept the spark, and will sustain visible damage from their impact. The foil thus serves to detect and locate the entities even if they are invisible. The anode current value can vary from 1 to 6 amperes. Shoulders has found that a 1-ampere level of anode current is produced by a chain of 3-5 EV beads whose overall diameter is about 3 micrometers. A sufficiently low load resistor must be used so that the voltage will not rise and deflect the EV. For a 2 kv pulse, a rise of 500 volts at the anode is a reasonable maximum. The rise rate is very high, and a wide-band oscilloscope is required to measure it. Otherwise, a capacitively coupled load must be provided for the EV. There is an upper EV size or current limit that can be collected for any particular wire size. The EV generator is typically about 10 mm. long, but the generation and manipulation of EVs can be accomplished with structures as small as 10 micrometers. The materials used in its construction need be very stable and durable to withstand the high energy of EVs. The generator also can be tubular, and it can be designed to operate in a vacuum or in a gaseous atmosphere. In a high vacuum system, the space between the cathode and anode should be less than 1 mm for a 2 kv charge. In a gaseous atmosphere of a few torrs pressure, the distance between the electrodes can extend to over 60 cm if a ground plane is positioned next to or around the tube. The negative pulse can vary from a few nanoseconds to continuous DC without unduly influencing the production of EVs. A series resistor is placed between the pulse voltage source and the EV generator, and a scope is used to monitor the voltage. The current is calculated from the resistor value and the voltage drop.Long pulse conditions in a gas atmosphere require the use of an input resistor to prevent a sustained glow discharge within the tube. The discharge is easily quenched under low pressure or vacuum conditions. Using a pulse period of 0.1 microsecond, for example, a resistor value of 500 to 1500 ohms is practical for operation in either a vacuum or gaseous regime. The cathode may be constructed of copper or a wide variety of other materials (Ag, Ni, Al, etc.). I would suggest nickel. It must have a sharp tip or edge so that a very high field can concentrate there. However, the dissipation of energy by EV production destroys the electrode tip, which must be regenerated. This can be accomplished with a liquid conductor such as mercury. Non-metal conductors also may be used instead (i.e., glycerin doped with potassium iodide, or nitroglycerin/nitric acid). The pulse rate of the power applied to the cathode must be low enough to allow migration of the liquid conductor. Rossi probably uses mercury as the liquid cathode because of the heavy element residue present on his nickel fuel particles. The cathode also can be embedded within a guide groove in the dielectric base. Such a cathode may be made of metallic paste. The residue on Rossi fuel leads me to suspect that the following method was used to process his fuel. Molybdenum powder is preferable because silver or copper are too soluble in mercury to be useful in such a film circuit. A surface embedded cathode enables the propagation of EVs with only 500 volts and a much higher pulse rate. Molybdenum was found in the Lugano fuel analysis. Pausing for some observations about the Lugano report: "Sample 2 was the fuel used to charge the E-Cat. It’s in the form of a very fine powder. Besides the analyzed elements it has been found that the fuel also contains rather high concentrations of C, Ca, Cl, Fe, Mg, Mn and these are not found in the ash." I believe that these elements were transmutation products produce by the fuel pretreatment process. Also, the large numbers of heavy elements that were welded onto the surface of the nickel powder were produced in preprocessing. The elements on the carbon adhesive might be considered additive. However I doubt that they were added in separately. But the elements on the surface of the nickel particles were welded and produced by a high temperature transmutation produced by fuel preprocessing. Continuing on with the description of the process: an EV can be guided across the surface of a dielectric if a positively charged ground plane or counter-electrode is positioned on the opposite side of the dielectric. The path of the EV also can be influenced by RC (Resistance/Capacitance) and LC (Induction/Capacitance) guides. This process must be done in an isolated atmosphere of vacuum where the mercury and moly vapers can be diverted away from the experimenter. On Sat, Dec 5, 2015 at 2:19 PM, Ken Deboer <[email protected]> wrote: > Hi Axil et al, > This makes me wonder (as many of you probably also have) about some new > particular ways to approach manufacturing the reactor from scratch. It > seems certain that structure, especially micro- and nano-structure, of the > fuel especially is just as important as the material itself. > 'Additive manufacturing' is all the rage nowaday, especially with metals > and exotic materials, like graphene for example. Recently I saw where XJET > in Israel is coming out with a metal nanoparticle inkjet 3D printer. > "nanomanufacturing". It might be nice, then, if some enterprising group > could try to build reactors almost atom by atom and then test those under > various conditions. For example, I'm thinking of the kind of manufactured > Casimir cavities in the recent patent app of Charles Hillel Rosendorf, > 2014, ("Methods and equipment for quantum vacuum energy extraction" US > 201400092521). I myself really wouldn't be able to tell the difference > between a Casimir cavity and a bear cave, but it seems from you and others' > conversations that whistling H or D thru them sets off some interesting > cascades. Anyway, it would also be very nice if the Energy Dept, for > one,would get on the stick and put some real money and effort into the > whole arena. It would be more than interesting to see some of the grant > applications from new - and old- blood if that happened. > cheers, ken > > On Fri, Dec 4, 2015 at 5:40 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > >> [image: Thumbnail] >> <http://coldfusion3.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/11016788_931342816896418_4531602178363656119_o-300x101.jpg> >> >> Back in the early days, the cause of the breakup between Defkalion and >> Rossi was the tendency for Rossi's reactor to blow apart during startup. >> This was caused by a pileup of the fuel in the center of the reaction >> chamber. When DGT started their R&D, they hit upon a technique that spread >> the nickel micro powder evenly across the reaction chamber and held the >> powder more or less spread equally within the volume of the reaction >> chamber. . Dekalion used a nickel metal foam to hold the particles >> suspended in space so that the powder does not settle in a pile in the >> middle of the reaction tube. >> >> There are indications that Rossi is doing the same metal mesh based >> powder suspension method. >> >> If a replicator experiences a tube explosion, he is close to a successful >> LENR reaction. The replicator would be well served to insert a metal nano >> mesh into his alumina tube to keep the fuel particles distributed in the >> reaction chamber. >> > >
