Having got to grips with the powers that be I now
see that Jones was right to resist me over the water
vs ice debate regarding the use of same as a fuel
in I.C.E. engines.
Even though water at 0 degrees contains less global
volume than ice at 0 degrees, it contains less fine
scale hierarchical strain.
Water as water contains the maximum strain energy
at 4 deg.C.
But water -> ice is not only an expansion where
the water is loosing energy (doing work), but
there is also a phase change brought about by
B-atm pressure.
I was basing my thinking on the full stress-
strain curve of concrete where there is no
phase change as the concrete breaks up into
smaller bits - well - not the kind of phase
change from water to ice, anyway.
So though internal energy is lost:
WATER -> expanded WATER at 0 deg.C -
energy is gained:
expanded WATER -> samevolume ICE at 0 deg.C.
How, you may ask?
It is gained by internal distortion of
the water molecule. Something like, say,
the molecule being strained from its
"free" shape to something more nearly
approaching the internal angle of a hexagon -
which is what? 120 deg. It doesn't quite
reach 120 - unlike carbon in graphite,
which is why the hexagon is a distorted
"saddle" or "chair" shape. Presumably in
isomers like ICE 9 the internal strain
is even greater and so the density is
correspondingly less.
One can make a comparison with the
isothermal and adiabatic states of a gas.
The isothermal state
PV = a constant = P(L^3)
is at the lowest internal strain boundary
state.
The adiabatic state
PV^(5/3) = a constant = P(L^5/L^3)
is at a higher internal strain, viz. the
heat strain of the atoms.
We can view it this being two linear dimensions
higher. And to use Beene's terminology, "the
dimension doesn't show up in our universe,"
since, of course, our universe is at the level,
the scale, of total volume, L^3.
There is in fact a very small increase in
total volume since the atoms are distorted
by the increasing impact rate from a prolate
spheroid to an even more prolate spheroid -
but this increase is so small as to be
immeasurable [though imaginable 8-) ]
The internal volumes can muck around as
much as they like. If internal volume changes
don't alter our 3D total volume then they
are not going to butter any parsnips -
they are not going to give us any useful
work output - they are not going to move
the pistons in our I.C.E. engines.
So, one can see that it is possible to
have a gas in an adiabatic state which
even though it has a higher volume than
the same mass of gas in a isothermal state,
it contains more energy. It contains this
energy in two hidden dimensions - hidden
because they are internal - hidden, because
these internal lengths can increase without
showing up on the outside - in our universe
in other words. Geddit? 8-)
In fact, if you think about it, we don't
need to go through worm holes to find hidden
dimensions and their alien inhabitants.
We can find them right here on earth and
have been doing so ever since that simple
fabric merchant, Leeuwenhoek, sparked by a
natural and insatiable curiosity first gazed
at a drop of pond water under his "glass
pearl" microscope and marvelled at the
aliens he saw there.
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/usph/usph.htm
Now water has a PV^6 = PL^(18) which is
fifteen "hidden" dimensions higher than PL^3.
Of course there is a lot of hidden Pee as
well. But if one exposes the existence of
the Beta-atmosphere to the public gaze
then this Big Pee is no longer hidden and
is seen in all its glory.
For the pee we apply is only a little pee.
The Pee in PV^6 is Total Pee.
i.e. ambient B-a Pee + applied pee.
P = P(0) + p
What is clearly demonstrated by the Bridgman's
compressibility relations for fluids and the
power relations for ice/water/steam vapour
pressure is that in using power curves it is
vital to start from the right origin of the
species. The Kelvin origin is fine used for
its original purpose, ideal gas relationships,
but when it is applied to relations, such as
the aforementioned, the result is complete...
what is that word I am looking for.... ah,
yes, complete bollocks. 8-)
In effect, the adiabatic equation of state
for the ideal gas is just one of a whole
host of such equations which one can easily
discover once one has jettisoned Kelvin's
straight jacket and Albert's denial of the
devil's existence.
For the benefit of Vortexian atheists, who
are doubtless legion, ;-) I should explain
that Lucifer is a Latin word made up of,
lux (light; genitive lucis) and ferre (to
bear, to bring) and that in saying the
aether doesn't exist one is implicitly
saying that Satan doesn't exist - which,
as anyone knows who has read the C.S.Lewis's
Screwtape Letters, pleases the devil greatly.
All civil and structural engineer are
aware that strain energy, both positive
and negative, can be stored at many
different scales; which is another way
of saying many different dimensions.
The highest dimension I remember from my
student days is d4x/dy4 for cantilever
deflection which give a fourth power on
integration.
Th highest power I have ever encountered
in my research career is 42 for the wetting
and drying relations between [Volume of
Solids/Total Volume] and pF for Weald Clay
(Ditchling Common).
Clearly, there is a whole host of these
meta-adiabatic equations of state out there
just waiting for someone to uncover them.
All that's needed is for people to get off
their butts and to recognise that different
species have different origins.
Cheers,
Frank Grimer
