http://cosmologyscience.com/cosblog/electron-is-not-a-fundamental-particle/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinon On Sat, Jul 28, 2018 at 3:50 PM, [email protected] < [email protected]> wrote: > Axil— > > > > > > What do you mean by spins? --"But photons and spins can form a > Bose-Einstein Condensate at…” > > > > Bob Cook > > > > > > > ------------------------------ > *From:* [email protected] <[email protected]> > *Sent:* Saturday, July 21, 2018 4:43:18 PM > *To:* [email protected] > *Subject:* RE: [Vo]:The role of the Bose-Einstein Condensate in LENR > > > That’s a memorable YouTube video and very apropos. Beside it talks about > water and fish which are a side of my personal quest that makes it all the > more useful. I rather fancy the atom-ecology of cold fusion being more of a > white-hole process than black-hole. > > > > *From:* Axil Axil <[email protected]> > *Sent:* Saturday, July 21, 2018 10:17 PM > *To:* vortex-l <[email protected]> > *Subject:* [Vo]:The role of the Bose-Einstein Condensate in LENR > > > > There is a common belief that a Bose-Einstein Condensate can only be > created at a temperature near absolute zero. This is true for a > Bose-Einstein Condensate of atoms. > > > > But photons and spins can form a Bose-Einstein Condensate at very high > temperatures. Light and spin are not sensitive to temperature. Temperature > only applies to the motion and energy of atoms. > > > > A Bose-Einstein Condensate and a Black Hole are mathematically identical: > they are the same. > > > > Using light, a black hole/Bose-Einstein Condensate can be generated. A > Bose-Einstein Condensate can produce Hawking radiation. That is where the > heat produced by LENR comes from. > > > > See a black hole made from light at 43:26 of the following video. That > vortex of light is also a Bose-Einstein Condensate of photons. > > > > The subject of this video in its entirety is important to understand if > you want to understand LENR. > > > > > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyMYcqxuZ_I&t=9s > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > ------------------ > > > > What is implied if energy is being created from the vacuum? > > What if LENR is generating its energy from the vacuum. What if most of the > energy that is being produced in the universe is coming from LENR. This > means that the universe is creating huge amounts of energy from nothing. > > Production of energy from the vacuum means that the vacuum is unstable. > The places where energy is being generated from the vacuum, the place where > the LENR reaction is underway is known as a false vacuum. > > The modern explanation for the metric expansion of space was proposed by > physicist Alan Guth in 1979, while investigating the problem of why no > magnetic monopoles are seen today. He found that if the universe contained > a field in a positive-energy false vacuum state, then according to general > relativity it would generate an exponential expansion of space. > > In other words, LENR could be the cause of the expansion of the universe, > dark energy, and dark matter. > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > ----------------- > > If we want to understand LENR in fine detail, things can get very > complicated and obscure. > > > > Hawking radiation generated by a Bose-Einstein Condensate produces a > positive energy photon and a balancing negative energy photon to keep the > total vacuum energy generated at zero. What is a negative energy photon? > And how is this type of photon realized in LENR? > > > > A cornerstone of modern physics is mathematics. Like it or not, without > the tools provided to physicists by mathematics, physics would be dead in > the water. But (and this is something that all of us forget on occasion) > solving equations is not the same as understanding the physics. A critical > step in the development of physical insight is to recognize which solutions > to an equation might correspond to reality, and which do not. > > > > To give a concrete example, the equations of physics are blind to the > direction of time, yet we know that solutions that involve time going > backward are usually (but not always) invalid. > > > > Unfortunately, as a recent publication in Physical Review Letters shows, > even the brightest and best can get this wrong, and do so repeatedly over > the course of years. A team of physicists has shown that light with a > negative frequency (thought to be a quirk of the equations) actually, in > some sense, exists. > > > > The equations in question are Maxwell's, and they describe the propagation > of light. When describing the propagation of light, the equations require > that we describe the light field as having both positive and negative > frequencies. A negative frequency would indicate a wave made up of photons > that have a negative energy, something that doesn't necessarily make a lot > of sense. > > > > Using light to make light > > > > A team of researchers has shown that, in some sense, negative frequencies > can be observed through the generation of radiation with a positive > frequency. To explore this idea, they looked at very intense light fields > moving through certain types of glass and glass fibers. When the light > field is very intense—as is the case when a very short, intense burst of > light is created—this can lead to some very cool effects. In particular, > when the light is passing through a material, the light field pushes the > electrons around so hard that the electrons start to push back. > > > > In a material like glass, the electrons can only move so far before they > will be ripped away from the atom they are bound to. The harder you push > them, the more they resist. So, for a weak light field, the electrons move > smoothly back and forth in exact imitation of the light field that is > pushing them around. As they move in response to the field, they radiate > light at exactly the same color. > > > > But when the field is very strong, the electrons don't follow the field > exactly. If they did, they would be ripped away from their parent atom, and > the field isn't strong enough to give the electrons enough energy for that. > Instead, they just stop moving at some point. The result is that the > electrons radiate light at all colors. Or, more simply, our pulse of light > with one color generates another pulse of light with a different color. As > the two pulses travel together, energy is drawn from the input pulse and > placed into the new pulse, so as long as they overlap, the second pulse > will grow brighter and brighter. > > > > Warning: Things are about to get complicated > > > > This process is all described by Maxwell's equations for the propagation > of light through a material. But the solutions to Maxwell's equations are > rather weird. Remember, every light field is described mathematically by a > positive and a negative frequency. If we just consider the positive > frequency component, then there are four solutions to the equation. These > correspond to light waves that have positive and negative frequencies, and > waves that are travelling in the same and opposite direction to the initial > pulse of light. > > > > The researchers ignore the two solutions corresponding to waves travelling > in the opposite direction to the input pulse because they are not > amplified. Any pulse that travels in the opposite direction does not > overlap with the input pulse for very long, and there is no time to > transfer much energy to the generated pulse. > > > > Of the remaining two solutions, one has a positive frequency and travels > with the generating pulse, allowing it to be amplified. This is commonly > observed. The last solution corresponds to a negative frequency, also > travelling with the input pulse. This solution, which should produce > photons with negative energy, was thought to be an artifact of the > equations and did not correspond to anything physical. > > > > But that field itself consists of positive and negative frequencies. And > (believe it or not) the negative frequency component of the negative > frequency solution is a positive frequency. Or, you might think of it like > this: the negative frequency element of the input pulse also generates four > solutions that have both positive and negative frequencies. > > > > In either case, what this tells us is that there should be a third pulse > of light—remember, we have our input pulse of light, which generates a > second pulse of light at a different (bluer) color, and now, thanks to the > negative frequency solution, we get a third pulse of light at an even bluer > color than the rest. > > > > The researchers performed experiments showing that this extra pulse of > light is indeed generated. The experimental results show that negative > frequency radiation, in some sense, exists. But it also shows that these > frequencies are only observed by their generation (either directly or > indirectly) of positive frequency radiation. However, the researchers do > not go further in interpreting the physical realization of negative > frequency modes. I suspect that in the context of classical > electrodynamics, this is actually impossible, and one has to resort to > using quantum electrodynamics to interpret the negative frequency modes. > > > > Physical Review Letters, 2012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.253901 > > > > I highlight the answer concisely as follows: > > > > "In either case, what this tells us is that there should be a third pulse > of light—remember, we have our input pulse of light, which generates a > second pulse of light at a different (bluer) color, and now, thanks to the > negative frequency solution, we get a third pulse of light at an even bluer > color than the rest." > > > > In LENR when negative energy photons are produced by Hawking radiation > generated as a virtual pair made real, the light that is generated is bluer > light. > > > > In more concrete terms, if infrared light (heat) is the positive photon > produced by Hawking radiation in a LENR reactor, then visible light is the > balancing negative light energy component of the photon pair that is > extracted from the vacuum. > > > > In a number of LENR reactors, heat is generated, but also visible light, > as well as extreme ultraviolet light. The light generated by the SunCell > and the SQ reactor are examples. The extreme ultraviolet light produced by > these systems could well be the light derived from vacuum based negative > energy photons. > > >
