There are a number of differenttechniques named for their inventors - used for manipulating hydrogenisotopes dissolved in a metal matrix. Most of the effects have“excess heat” as the major output component of interest, and someof them produce high energy radiation. Typically, theexpected levels of high energy radiation are absent. This has led todoubts by mainstream physics that significant nuclear fusion ishappening.
An attempt will be made here to linkseveral of these effects together via the modality of the newlydiscovered X gauge boson - and the beryllium anomaly ofKrasznahorkay, This anomaly could be huge breakthrough for LENR sinceit tells us where high energy radiation should be found, and what tolook for and it explains why it wasn't seen before. TheHungarian group reported a 6.8 sigma anomaly in the Be8 nucleartransition, now replicated. The radiation is explained by a ~17 MeVvector gauge boson produced in the decay of Be8. The particle isrelatively inert, short lived and “dark” and would not be foundby normal detection means. This dark feature of the new particlemakes it a candidate for LENR especially in situations whereberyllium-8 would be expected to be found. Normally however,Beryllium would not be expected to be found in D+D reactions. Yet it could be hiding in plain sight, thanks to updating an older theoryfrom Akito Takahashi, called TSC, which posits thesimultaneous reaction of 4 deuterons (as a BEC tetrahedron). The theory makes far more sense with dense deuterium as the reactant. The following is a listing of some of themajor “effects” of LENR, which is a bit subjective, since it isfocused on a progression of salient features which could lead tocommercialization via coherent light input. The P&F Effect as explained byTakahashi Thefirst cold fusion effect from 1989 – made famous by Stanley Ponsand Martin Fleischmann employs deuterium loaded into a palladiummatrix (cathode) with DC electrolysis as the power input, and with heavy water and a lithium electrolyte as notable features. Helium isseen as an output but not the expected gamma radiation. Using theTakahashi explanation, the fusion of 4 deuterons in a Pd matrix firstproduces beryllium-8 as an intermediate step. This is the TetrahedralSymmetric Condensation (TSC) theory which now can be proved - bylooking specifically for X boson decay. The Mills Effect This is annon-nuclear “densification” effect based on hydrogen with nickelmatrix (and other catalysts including palladium), with UV radiationin addition to excess heat as distinctive outputs. Notably, in Mills'theory hydrogen is claimed to enter into a denser state he calls aredundant ground state, with its electron in a stable orbital closerto the nucleus. Others have hypothesized some version of densehydrogen or deuterium as a preliminary stage leading to thermal gainbut Mills was first. He avoids the fusion pathway (presumably due toIP concerns), In a hybrid theroy, the densification of deuterium as afirst step would assist the TSC mechanism, resulting in the neededBe8 metastable ion. The Letts-Cravens Laser Effect Thisis a thermal boosting effect using IR coherent irradiation on adeuterium loaded metal in a weak magnetic field. The effectwas observed when two lasers were tuned to produce a beat frequencynear 8 THz, 15 THz and 20 THz. The importance of this experiment isfound more in how it suggests a magnetic coupling to photons.Unfortunately, a good quality replication attempt (Guffey) showed anull result and it is possible that the problem is achieving the beatfrequency at low power. The Holmlid Effect This is a two-stepeffect of laser irradiation of “ultra-dense” hydrogen producing amystery radiation claimed to be subatomic mesons > kaons>muons. In other papers, Holmlid documents positron/electron pairproduction, at some distance away from the reactor - which is exactlywhat is expected from Krasznahorkay's new particle. The is animaginary cone extending outward from the reaction zone where the Xparticle decay can be seen. “Electron-PositronPair Production observed from Laser-induced processes in Ultra-denseDeuterium” is a Holmlid paper from 2014 which may be mostconsistent with the X boson results. There are certainlypoints of controversy with Holmlid's claims and some problems may berectified by the substitution of the X particle for the meson-to-muonchain. Holmlid may notadequately measure the extreme hydrogen density which is claimed -and that part of the technique could be a correlate of the MillsEffect, Nor does Holmlid adequately identify the radiation effectsto the satisfaction of mainstream physics. In the end, Holmlid may beright for all the wrong reasons... which is the way that progressworks, sometimes. Nevertheless, inthe context of a progression and a hybridized device using manyeffects, the addition of dark output could be the big breakthrough inunderstanding. It would seem that an easy modification of theHolmlid experiments can offer an exceptional prospect for moving theentire LENR field forwards towards to a useful product which can becommercially marketed. If one couldcombine the best features of all these effects, the system would lookmost like Holmlid's. It would probably be laser driven, gas phase,and with a positron collection cone located some distance away fromthe target. Eventually, pair formation should be amenable to highefficiency MHD collection of the decay energy - or open for propulsion in Space. There is a fairchance that the X boson is indeed the breakthrough that finally putsLENR on the road to meeting the future energy needs of mankind …but looking almost nothing like the original Pons and Fleischmanncell, You heard it first on Vortex... right, Bob?
