----- Original Message -----
From: Frederick Sparber
"According to this treatment of water-metal surface interaction by
P. Thiel at Ames, and Madey at NIST, the water molecule tends to
dissociate into bound OH and H on the Nickel portion of the
stainless steel. According to other Cr-Ni catalyst sources the
presence of Chromium Oxide present on the surface keeps the
exposed Ni area active.
http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~wchen/Madey_page/Full_Publications/PDF/madey_SSR_1987_T.pdf
The bound H atoms on the Ni should allow the hydrino "metastable
pre-activation" by interaction of the adsorbed H proton with the
outer M or N shell Ni electrons..."
OK. Even if the hydrino (in the first few levels of shrinkage at
least) is a metastable charge-retaining species which "reinflates"
quickly (reading between the lines) the hypothetical process using
Stainless gets even better, but with a different culprit: While
Ni and Mn are both in stainless and listed by Mills as catalysts,
they require extraodinary ionization levels (4 or greater ) to get
into that state- seldom found in an electrolyte - whereas the
critical role of Fe may have been overlooked, especially as a
component of a Stainless Steel surface in an *acid* situation.
The temporary removal (shift) of 3 electrons from iron results in
an energy "hole" of 54.7 eV which is a bit larger than the ideal
54.4 eV, but should accomplish the double-level shrinkage with the
hydronium ion being the donor, in an ion exchange. When the
hydronium ion is present, as it was catalyszed on an adjoining Ni
atom in the alloy electrode - and that close proximity of the two
alloy components in stainless may be critically important, we are
set for manufactured metastability. Probably the whole process
could be more robust if somehow we started with first stage n=1/2
hydrinohydrides instead of protons - and having to go all the way
to n=1/3 at once. But since the hydrinohydride most likely comes
away with 2 electrons instead of one, ab initio, then we have our
needed metastable-charge anomaly - even if it is transitory (so
long as the lifetime is 100 milliseconds or longer) for use in an
ICE.
Looking at my Oxford (Elmsley) reference - surprise, surpise ---
it turns out that the 3+ ion of Fe is highly favored in acid
soultions of carbon and nitrogen - to the extent the only a third
of a volt is required. to bump it from the natrual 2+ state. But
all of this only explains what is going on - hit-or-miss in the
present BG or JC, both of which are using stainless electrodes
with an effective charge potential in that fractional volt range.
The required acidity, BTW may be inherent in using fresh water on
stainless when CO2 and dissolved nitrogen are there - as the Ni
gives us that instant hydronium.
IOW the original Mills wet-cell appears to be a mish-mash where
the K, which is a base, was working *against* the favored acid
process on the electrodes but is catalytic in its own right. Maybe
that redox inefficiency is why the origianl process was not
commercial.
As for "how to" make the process more robust, we need an 'in situ'
source for the first step of shrinkage and preferably located
within the same few nanometers of the electrode surface where the
hydronium ion is formed... Impossible, you say? Maybe not... but
if we need an acid solution (or at least neutral) for the
nickel-iron tag team - then the setup is a bit more demanding.
Now comes the "photolithography" mentioned in the subject heading
... here is something of an unplanned three-way "connection" for
James Burke, when you combine the story below with the findings
about nanopore filtration, mentioned recently - and the
"stainless" electrode process above.
http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189400846
In the hydrino theory, the first-step of shrinkage at 27.2 eV has
the associated wavelength of 45.66 nm. In the story above - that
is near the exact limits of where photolithography is headed in
2006. Intel is already there no doubt. Once more of the
non-proprietary 45 nm foundries, such as the one mentioned in the
news yesterday, are in service, then a single centimeter square of
stainless steel can be punched with about 10 billion geometric
holes of 45 nm, allowing a filter membrane to be made through
which water can be forced - perhaps by a fuel injector- direct
into a cylinder vacuum.
The $64 question is: will filtered-water (electrolyzed
'on-the-fly' through stainless nanopores) which comes out of the
"fuel" injector, be loaded with enough hydrinos (and metastable
charge) in the process - especially by adding the extra fractional
volt, to explode in an ICE? How does the UV energy get transfered
into the cylinder - or would you only end up with only a bright UV
source? Hopefully more than that - you could end up with a very
high level of capacitive charge being added and aided by the
hydrino formation itself - and then the UV splits some of the
remaining water giving a double boost - such that the same
"exploding capacitor" effect, hypothesized earlier, is in still in
play (as the hypothetical modality) to push the cylinder and
create torque.
Worth a try, in that "perfect world," one suspects...
And if you cannot wait around for the 45 nm foundry there is
another possible soultion - Zinc - which has a 27.4 eV hole.
An alloy of Fe-Zn-Ni would be interesting, AND there is a
commercial galvanized stainless available. Unfortunately the Ni
content is low but it is worth a try in a JC or BG cell powering
an ICE.
Jones
