It goes without saying that detailed speculation about an unproven
and controversial subject (i.e. below-ground-state hydrogen) which
departs significantly from both mainstream thinking and also from
the theory of the R Mills, who has a corps of dedicated
'evangelists' himself, is not going to make the speculator very
popular with any group. Hey, they don't call us "grumpy old men"
for nothin' ... <g>
But ... if there is even a grain of truth underlying Mills CQM,
which insight can be improved-on, then it behooves anyone with
both a scientific curiosity and a dedication to see a better
future for our society - which far exceeds common expectations -
to strive to paint a more accurate picture by integrating
everything we know about the universe into a coherent alternative
viewpoint.
Much has been written about Sol, the sun - and the mechanism for
its continuous energy output over billions of years. Most of that
traditional explanation is partly true and partly in error or
incomplete, which is to say - in error because of the
incompleteness. The situation is far more complex than textbooks
want you to believe.
Certainly there is nuclear fusion going on, but even that is not
as simple as fusing four protons into an alpha, which is what was
taught for years. Based on the neutrinos produced we can even
estimate how much fusion is happening; and it accounts for less
than half of the net energy produced. In recent years, scientists
have developed an artificial "kludge" to account for that
"problem" - the solar neutrino shortfall; which unfortunately is
almost certainly incorrect. There is a more elegant, and far more
controversial explanation in the Mills hydrino. Solar astronomy
may provide the best evidence of all for this new species.
There are a number of long-standing mysteries about the Sun, as
Mills is quick to point out. Traditional scientists don't know why
the gases around the Sun, in the corona are heated to two million
degrees but the surface itself - remarkably is less than six
thousand degrees - until, that is, it is pierced by a 40 million
degree flare from below.
Usually heat flows from a hot body to a cold body, and if solar
energy were being produced entirely in the core of the Sun, how
does the external gas around the Sun become so much hotter than
the surface itself? keeping in mind this halo layer of coronal gas
is also shedding far more intense photon radiation then the sun
itself?
The hydrino provides the answer, to Mills great credit. But one
suspects that even Mills may be partly correct and partly in error
on those mechanics of hydrino formation - as he is trying to
justify results seen in his lab in near vacuum, by means of
results seen in the Corona, where the pressures and magnetic
forces involved are literally millions of times higher.
Anyway, as Mills points out, the Sun has a large number of
spectral lines that could not be identified until recently - and
they correspond to the energy transitions of this newly described
species - the hydrino. From there on, the mechanics are anyone's
guess, but there is an intriguing alternative possibility that
goes something like this.
You have a solar core, which will always be a mystery but may
contain an exotic collapsed object of neutral charge - like a
proto-neutron star but smaller; and then around that is the thick
zone of dense protons where fusion takes place. Then there is the
dense solar "surface" which interfaces with the far more diffuse
Corona; into which solar "flares" continuously eject hot material
mostly protons. Most of the resulting "solar wind" originates from
the energy of flares. Since our primary interest is "what"
specifically is in the solar wind - this mechanism is very
important to understand, if only by hypothesis.
Below the sun's surface, in the fusion zone there will likely be a
monstrous positive charge bias, which keeps this area far
less-dense than it otherwise should be, if only gravity were at
work. Electrostatic repulsion is in constant battle with gravity
there. The resultant charge layering makes the structure like a
giant capacitor, and on the surface and in the corona, you will
have a corresponding negative charge bias, to balance out the
positive bias below - and many surplus electrons, which probably
are "paired" for substantial statistical time periods (even if it
is nanoseconds as paired and femptoseconds as sequentially
unpaired) - since there is also a gigantic magnetic field and a
gigantic gravity field, with which to structure this kind of
persistent electron pairing - which is highly favored by electrons
anyway.
This sets the stage for protons, when they emerge violently from
the fusion zone into the negative zone to immediately interact
with an electron pair and form a highly shrunken hydino-hydride,
ab initio, and with the release of EUV and soft x-rays. This is
what powers the Corona and accounts for perhaps 40% of solar
output. This highly shrunken species is stable to everything
except harder x-rays, but there are plenty of them to contend
with. It should be added that ... if protons from the flare are
moving fast enough to exit the gravity field alone, or to capture
a single electron and exit into the solar wind, then they provides
the bulk of this wind, and the single electron capture would
provide perhaps the remaining 5-10% of solar heating. The stable
hydrino-hydride, in contrast will be ejected electrostatically,
but at a much slower pace both in numbers and in velocity. The Hy-
may move at less than one percent of the speed of the bulk of
solar wind.
Mills wants us to believe that hydrinos in the N= 1/2 to 1/4 range
can be stable in the Corona, as this supports his conclusions
about his earthbound experiments - but there are serious doubts
about that. It is possible that nothing can emerge into the "solar
wind" except very fast protons, slightly fast monatomic hydrogen,
or kinetically *slow* Hy- of deep shrinkage - and that maybe a
distinction which others have missed. The solar wind is most
likely NOT of uniform velocity, has fewer electrons than
suspected, and probably has a substantial component of slow moving
Hy-.
That is the present premise, which will stand or fall based on a
real experiment which can capture the wind before it reaches the
ionosphere.
Prior to Mills, it was assumed that the negative charge carrier in
solar wind would be the electron, solely - and there will be some
there, but it seems more likely that the layered capacitance in
the solar photosphere keeps most electrons "home" and slows Hy- to
a snail-like pace, compared to the protons and hydrogen which are
released - BUT that the Hy- is the predominant negative charge
carrier, which "balances the books" of the proton emission. Unlike
Mills who sees substantial hydrino emission (as opposed to the
hydride), my contention is that there is very little unhydrided
below-ground-state hydrogen, and that it almost all Hy-.
This is also the very reason why that we do not see this Hy-
species on earth in any significant quantity. Since it is charged
and slow moving, it is captured by the weak magnetic field lines
of earth, repelled by the negative layering in the ionosphere, and
largely "steered" around the planet instead of reaching a lower
altitude, where there is enough gravity to bring them in. Some get
in, and perhaps this population does become the "faux-D" of RvS -
most of which population ends up as part of the heavy water
component of the oceans. Some faux-D would be in what is normally
considered to be deuterium, and some would be providing the
anomaly in the rather high amount of the 18O isotope, which exists
in water.
However, it is my contention that if we want to harvest this
species in "tonnage," for use as a space propellant or to enhance
nuclear fusion, then we are going to have to go up 60-100 miles
into the ionosphere in order to do this. This may add new meaning
to the top-secret airplane which is presently being called the
"Aurora" project.
Hey. you thing that ....? ... Naw...?
Jones
