I have cobbled together material from various posts and articles to
make the first draft of an article "Searching for Cosmic Matter" at:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CosmicSearch.pdf
Some highlights are pasted following.
DARK MATTER AND MIRROR MATTER
Mirror matter has only gravitational mass charge13 14 to us in a
normal matter
world. Mirror photons, both virtual and real, have little effect on
us. If mirror
matter existed in both normal and cosmic form, then symmetry would
demand that
mirror matter exist in both positive and negative mass charge
species. In that
case, a black hole consisting of either mirror matter or normal
matter, or a mixture
of both types, when of sufficient size, would simultaneously spew
forth both normal
and mirror matter of the opposed gravitational mass charge, and in equal
proportions. There is no evidence this happens, and much evidence to
the contrary.
The enormous spherical mass halos of galaxies are not made of visible
matter.
So then, we are left with the problem of where large amounts of dark
gravitational
matter come from. First, it has already been shown the galaxy
rotation problem is
solved by negative gravitational mass charge matter, not positive
gravitational
mass charge dark matter, thus eliminating part of that problem. We
will now see
that black holes, both small ones generated by high energy large mass
particle
collisions, and massive ones, can account for a much larger dark
matter mass than
can be expected cosmologically.
Ordinary matter is created in particle-antiparticle pairs. This then
is necessarily
true of mirror matter pairs as well. Physicists in a mirror galaxy
see particle-antiparticle
pairs created from the vacuum. What physicists in neither ordinary nor
mirror galaxies see is single charged particles created from the
vacuum with an
invisible partner. This means that mirror matter created in ordinary
black holes is
necessarily created in particle-antiparticle pairs. The gradient of
the black hole
gravitational field must therefore be large enough to tangentially
separate charged
pairs, thus a black hole must be of a very large size to emit much
mirror matter.
However, such a large gradient is not required to emit the
annihilation photons
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 12
which also have negative mass.
The vicinity near a singularity is comprised of a quark and lepton
soup. CP
violation establishes the species that survives the quark soup to
emerge from the
event horizon of a black hole - matter from negative mass charge
black holes, cosmic
antimatter from ordinary black holes. The imaginary charge of cosmic
matter in
some sense restores the symmetry lacking in the CKM matrix which
includes only
ordinary matter.
Statistically, we can expect that all that mirror matter generated
from the vacuum
by a black hole is matched, in terms of gravitational mass, by
ordinary matter, or at
least matched by the positive mass-energy that is added to normal
matter black
hole mass, i.e. to its singularity. Further, when a matter-antimatter
pair is created
from the vacuum there is reason to expect, for reasons of
conservation of charge, that
simultaneously there is created a mirror matter-mirror antimatter
pair. Call such
a foursome a dual pair. The pair having gravitational mass charge
opposed to that
of the black hole is expelled, the other pair is absorbed. Even given
that pairs lose
all their Coulomb charge identity in a singularity, or by
annihilation, they retain
mass charge, thus black holes will generate through time a much
larger aggregate
gravitational mass than could otherwise cosmologically be expected.
Even very
small black holes, created by high energy particle interactions, have
a newly found
ability to survive and grow despite their small size. A never ending
exponential
expansion of black hole mass does not seem consistent with
observations, yet an
unbounded growth is a logical necessity. Only the limit of the
ability of the vacuum
to produce dual pairs limits the growth rate of black holes.
Note that any sized black hole with mass occupying a point has, for
some finite
radius, a volume in which the field strength is sufficient for pair
creation to take
place. As the mass of a black hole increases, the radius of this mass
spawning
sphere increases. For this reason, essentially every black
COSMIC RAYS AS DARK ENERGY
Some high energy particles, cosmic rays, can be expected to mix into
pockets of the
opposing kind, creating dark energy effects even within local
homogeneous pockets.
Some of the cosmic rays of high energy that enter our solar system
and impinge on
the earth could consist of cosmic matter. Cosmic rays made of cosmic
matter have
far more energy than required to overcome the gravitational repulsion
of our earth,
our sun and our galaxy. Cosmic matter may exist in detectible
quantities right here
on earth. Further, like cosmic rays in general, it should be expected
to occupy the
space around us in a highly uniform density and isotropic velocity
distribution.
SEARCHING FOR COSMIC MATTER HERE ON EARTH
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 21
Cosmic matter, if it exists, arrives here as comic rays. About 90
percent of cosmic
rays are hydrogen, i.e. protons, but they impact atmospheric
molecules and cause a
shower of particles, including gammas, neutrons, kaons, pions and
mesons. It is
possible the imaginary mass charge is preserved, and the most likely
detectable
surviving cosmic product is the cosmic hydrogen atom. The sun
captures cosmic
rays and transforms their energy into thermal energy. It can
therefore be assumed
that, if cosmic rays contain cosmic matter, that the solar wind
carries a proportion of
cosmic matter. The presence of such matter would cause a reduction in
apparent
solar gravity, and thus an underestimation of the mass of the sun.
It might be possible to detect cosmic electrons, but the low mass of
the electron
combined with its high charge to mass ratio makes a negative
gravitational mass
detection very difficult. A very slow electron beam separation by
gravity over over a
long distance might be required to distinguish one species from the
other. Perhaps
cosmic electrons could be sorted out in a long but ordinary resistor, or
electrochemical cell, or superconductor, due to a gravitational force
powered upward
drift causing positive buoyancy. Centrifuges would be of no use to
look for cosmic
matter, only mirror matter, unless they are one and the same. Only
gravity can do
the separation of cosmic matter if it bonds as ordinary matter.
Isolating cosmic hydrogen might be much easier than cosmic electrons
or even
protons, if enough concentration exists on earth. An excellent source
of cosmic
particles in general may be melting glacier ice. Surface tension
should hold cosmic
particles in the water long enough to be sampled. Cosmic hydrogen
(but not in the
form of mirror matter) in water would be bound in H2O like ordinary
hydrogen - at
least long enough to obtain samples. If the hydrogen is electrolyzed
from the water,
and then liquified, it should result in three types. Ordinary
hydrogen, half-ordinaryhalf-
cosmic hybrid hydrogen which is highly buoyant, and pure cosmic
hydrogen with
two cosmic protons and having negative weight. If a visible amount of
liquid cosmic
hydrogen is made (and it is not indeed mirror matter as expected) it
should be easy
to detect floating in the sealed top of a clear Dewar flask. If
enough of the stuff
exists, it might even be possible to avoid the need to liquify
hydrogen and directly
separate water molecules based on increased buoyancy from the cosmic
hydrogen
atoms, and then detect them via their bulk water density.
Cosmic rays also sometimes consist of Calcium, Iron, Gallium, Lithium or
Beryllium. The latter three, if in sufficient quantity, should be
fairly easy to isolate
from glacial runoff, and the cosmic species easily identified if
present in sufficient
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 22
quantities. A search of glacial runoff would also be an excellent way
to locate mirror
matter, as well as monopoles.
Mirror matter, even if it is cosmic matter, can be identified by its
ability to cool an
environment even when highly insulated, thus violating the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
SOME PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS REGARDING COSMIC MATTER
Cosmic matter, if it exists as defined, is all around us, imbedded in
all kinds of
molecules. Cosmic rays are responsible for maintaining the carbon 14
concentration
in the atmosphere, 40 tons worth, as well as numerous other kinds of
isotopes
common in the earth’s crust. The earth has accumulated over 4 billion
years worth
of cosmic ray debris. That's a lot of matter. Meteoric dust rains
down on us daily by
the ton, continually burying past artifacts, as well as seeding rain
and snow. Many
micro meteorites have been exposed to cosmic rays for billions of
years, as has the
surface of the moon. Lunar dust has a reputation for being light and
airy and having
the ability to get into every nook and cranny. A high cosmic matter
density would
account for this.
If tons of pure cosmic matter can be isolated, and sufficiently
contained, it will
obviously be extremely useful for earth-to-space vehicles for
reducing the space ship
weight. Weight reduction to zero saves the energy required to
overcome air
resistance on the way to orbit. Zero net weight doesn’t reduce the
energy required to
overcome inertia, but it does permit lifting a body to an altitude
where the escape
velocity is nominal. To maintain neutral weight on the return to
earth a mass
exchange must take place at a high altitude. A zero net weight
vehicle (including its
heavy weight cargo) is thus useful in space primarily as an earth-to-
space shuttle in
the case where an equal return mass is available. Neutral weight
vehicles could
hover indefinitely over one spot, in space or in the atmosphere,
which has many
applications. Transportation at a greatly improved energy cost is a
clear possibility.
Even very small amounts of cosmic matter may be of use. It could be
used for
constructing a graviphoton telescope sensor, or antenna, or for new
forms of
communication. Even without cosmic matter, it should be possible to
focus
graviphotons using magnetic field lenses, due to their tiny charge,
and thus build a
graviphoton telescope. Graviphotons should exist carrying sufficient
energy to
exhibit a graviphotoelectric effect, and thus may be detectible using
ordinary photon
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 23
sensors. Obtaining cosmic matter may make the field of gravitronics a
possibility, or
at least a wide range of graviphoton sensors and transducers.
The thermodynamic properties of mirror matter can be used to create
what would
appear to be perpetual motion machines, free energy devices.
IDENTIFYING MIRROR MATTER
Real hands-on proof of the gravimagnetic theory may come in the form
of finding
mirror matter right here on earth. There may be minerals around that
maintain a
temperature colder than the local environment.
A high mirror matter content object can probably be detected by
merely holding it in
your hand. A large quantity underground can be identified by a
temperature drop
there. There would be a strong temperature gradient in the vicinity.
It is of interest
that temperature is often take in wire line surveys of oil wells. It
may be of use to
look at wire line surveys of wells in some areas, and also to
manually examine
mineral cores taken from some mining areas. Such cores are obtained
throughout a
mineralized site by drilling, in order to assess the scope and value
of a find. Cores
are stored for extended periods in some jurisdictions, like Canada.
If some material that seems to maintain a temperature colder than its
surrounds is
found, or a material is to be investigated for containing mirror
matter, do some
calorimetry on it. Put the material in a well insulated container,
e.g. a small foam
box with 2 thick inch walls, with a thermometer. After a while, say a
half hour,
check for a difference between the thermometer in the box and one
outside the box. If
the box is significantly colder then the material contains mirror
matter. Mirror
photons go right through ordinary matter, and thus the black body
radiation from
mirror matter flows right through our ordinary matter insulation.
Mirror matter in quantities of a gram or more is most easily
identified by the fact it
apparently violates the laws of thermodynamics. It spontaneously
cools, especially
when it is well insulated.
SOME PLACES TO LOOK FOR MIRROR MATTER
Finding a large source of mirror matter would be of great practical
importance, both
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 24
for space travel and for energy production. Such sources may exist
deep in the
ground in the neighborhood of large meteor hits. Even rocks ejected
out by such hits
may contain mirror matter.
An ideal place to look for cosmic matter, and positive gravitational
charge mirror
matter as well, if it exists, is the face of a melting glacier.
Nuclear debris from
space nucleates precipitation and such precipitation is locked into
the ice of glaciers.
Ice captures cosmic rays and their debris. Nature is freeing this
matter into the
environment now at a phenomenal rate.
AN INEXPENSIVE SEARCH METHOD
This method only works to search for negative gravitational mass
mirror matter
that is lightly bound to ordinary matter. All mirror matter on earth
should be in
the form of meta-matter, i.e. bound to ordinary matter. Ordinary
mirror matter can
only be concentrated using a high speed centrifuge to separate the
mirror matter
from the ordinary matter to which it binds.
Anyone on a tight budget would prefer to use the cheap medical style
centrifuges
available on ebay. The following method achieves this and might prove
to be an
alternative to panning for gold for recreation. A tiny amount of
negative
gravitational mirror matter could be worth a million times its weight
in gold. So,
following here is the possibly useful and recreational method.
Chemically digest the material in question. (An alternative method
might involve
pulverizing it providing a liquid is available with density such that
the normal
variety of the material achieves neutral buoyancy or even very
slightly positive
buoyancy.) A good material to start with might be sea water because
it avoids this
digestion step entirely and the cosmic matter should be found near
the surface of the
ocean. The ocean is a great collector for mirror matter cosmic rays.
Deep lakes
might work well also. The negative gravitational mirror matter should
be right on
the surface.
Let the obtained solution sit in a holding tank and then take the top
half and reject
the bottom half. This is gravimetric separation so the top half
should tend to
contain the desired mirror matter. Place the remaining material in a
centrifuge.
This is inertial separation so the mirror matter should end up in the
bottom of the
tube. Reject the top half of the contents of the centrifuge tube.
This completes one
Searching for Cosmic Matter
Horace Heffner Jan, 2008
Page 25
stage of separation, Stage 1.
The stages can be repeated as often as necessary. The material
remaining from
Stage N is fed into Stage N+1. Two stage N runs may be necessary for
one stage N+1
run.
If it is known mirror matter is actually in the solution, or once
(and if) it ever
happens that enough material is separated at stage N to show its
presence
thermally, then the reject material from stage N can be fed back into
stage N-1,
mixed with material from stage N-2 to make the input for stage N-1.
The process can stop at a stage N where the temperature drop for a
fixed mass of
material output from stage N is the same as the for the output from
the prior stage,
in other words when the separation process no longer improves the
concentration of
mirror matter.
For commercial purposes a high speed centrifuge is a much better
method because
the separation can occur in one stage, as suggested by Robert Foot.
However, Foot’s
method does not search specifically for negative gravitational charge
mirror matter,
i.e. cosmic matter.
BOOTSTRAPPING A FIND
Finding any kind of mirror matter would be like winning a lottery.
Mirror matter
could then be located with great ease, assuming sensors for thermal
infrared mirror
radiation could be built using mirror meta-matter. Mirror matter
could readily be
seen even deep in the earth or oceans. We could build telescopes to
observe mirror
matter here on earth or in space. Given enough mirror matter to build
mirror
antennas, or lasers, we could communicate directly in a straight line
through the
earth using otherwise undetectable and unstoppable mirror radiation.
We could
locate large mineral deposits left by meteor hits.
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
