The following is a version posted April 5, 1996, The main addition
was the "THE ENERGY WITH NO ASH EFFECT" section.
THE STIMULATED BOSE CONDENSATE HYPOTHESIS OF COLD FUSION
BACKGROUND
The recent creation of a .002 inch 3000 atom Bose condensate by Carl
Weiman
and Eric Cornell may provide a possible insight to some cold fusion
phenomena. The rubidium atom condensate was created with much
difficulty
and ingenuity at the extreme temperature of 20 nanokelvins, which was
created by applying an RF field to atoms in a magnetic trap. The RF
field
was tuned to resonate with higher energy atoms, and thus caused these
rubidium atoms to flip and then be shot out of the trap, thus leaving
only
those atoms with no significant energy.
Though this was a difficult and amazing feat, demonstrating the
Heisenberg
uncertainty principle relates to a true physical state of matter, not
just
experimental uncertainty, perhaps nature readily accomplishes it in a
small
way in metallic lattices. It is a much less difficult feat to create an
overlap of two hydrogen nuclei in a 1 A condensate than it is to
create an
overlap of 3000 rubidium atoms in a 500,000 A condensate.
The rubidium atom overlap was sustainable for more than 15 minutes.
To be
significant to CF, a condensate of two protons or deuterons in a lattice
site need only be formed a very short time, if formed often enough.
It seems that the Weiman-Cornell experiment, supported by the Pritchard
slit experiments, clearly demonstrates the reality of the wave nature of
matter. Perhaps it is the only form of matter. The particle nature of
matter might be explained strictly by wave function collapse, which
is not
a characteristic of ordinary waves, but clearly is a characteristic of
quantum waveforms. For example, looking at the photoelectric effect,
suppose a huge photon waveform from a distant star impacts via it's own
random selection process at a particular point on a metal surface,
ejecting
an electron, why do we have to say the photon is a particle at the
point of
the electron ejection? It could just as easily be considered (called) a
collapsed photon waveform as it could be considered a particle. A
waveform
collapse consists of an instantaneous change in wave form center and
distribution. Such a collapse also clearly accounts for tunneling
effects
as well. Where is the need for a particle model at all?
If matter is totally wave like, it seems inescapable that charge must
therefore be distributed in the waveform, as there exists no point to
carry
it. This has the benefit, as Richard Feynman pointed out, of
conservation
of energy, because a point charge could generate an infinitely intense
field, as you approach the point, requiring an infinite amount of
energy to
create the field.
THE HYPOTHESIS
Wave function collapse occurs probabilistically on the relative
approach of
two or more quantum waveforms. One quantum waveform can collapse to the
location of the other. If two overlapped, i.e. relatively to each other
slow, waveforms in a Bose condensate are penetrated by a high velocity
waveform, a collapse can occur. Also, a kind of paradox occurs. All
motion is relative. Assume the condensate is two deuterons, and the
high
velocity waveform is an electron. From the point of view of the proton
condensate, the wavelength (size) of the electron is small. From the
point
of view of the electron, though, the condensate must appear very
small, and
more importantly, since the waveforms of the deuteron condensate are
phase
locked and overlapped, the condensate must appear, from the electron's
point of view, phase locked and overlapped in a small volume, because
the
de Broglie wavelength of the single waveform of the condensate appears
small to the electron due to the high relative velocity. Thus, if
there is
an interaction, it would seem there would be a high probability that the
interaction would be a 3 body interaction. That is to say the
formation of
a single waveform of a condensate would greatly change waveform
co-location probabilities from the perspective of the electron.
Given two
deuterons jammed into a lattice site, the Schroedinger Equation
predicts
that they will co-located, i.e. tend to be found in opposing locations
within the site. However, should they form a Bose condensate, it is
logical that the two deuteron locations would appear to a fast moving
particle to be nearly the same , even though still co-located in the
smaller volume, because the centers of mass of the individual particles
will approach each other during the formation of the condensate, and
their
distributions co-mingle in the small de Broglie wavelength of the
condensate, from the fast moving particles prospective.
SOME EXPLAINED EFFECTS
This hypothesis provides some explanation for various effects. One
is the
Kasagi experiment, where deuterated titanium is bombarded with
deuterons.
The reaction hypothesized by Kasagi to account for the observed results:
D + D + D -> p + n + alpha (+ 21.62 MeV)
requires a mechanism to make such a reaction likely in the matrix,
i.e. to
cause target deuteron pairs to tend to be located at nuclear
distances from
each other. The subject hypothesis provides such a mechanism.
Similarly, the original experiments by Pons and Fleischmann, tended to
produce neutrons in pairs, i.e. from single events. A deuteron
condensate,
stimulated by particles resulting from cosmic rays, could produce a
variety
of products, including neutron pairs, He4, He3, and T, as well as,
depending on the type of impacting particle, transmutations such as
Li and
Be. Let [D + D] represent a two deuterium atom condensate. If a cosmic
ray struck a deuterium nucleus, which then struck a deuterium
condensate,
we could have something like:
D + [D + D] -> n + n + p + He3 (+ .584 MeV)
Similarly, in various observed hydrogen systems a condensate could
form, giving
e + [p + p] -> n + p (+ energy)
or
e + [p + Li(n)] -> Li(n+1) (+energy)
or
e + [p + D] -> T (+energy)
where the possibility of such formations is a matter of considerable
debate.
The case of :
e + [p + p] -> n + p (+ energy)
is just a variation of:
e + p -> n (+ energy)
proposed by Elio Conte. The importance of Conte's theory in this
regard is
that it predicts the possibility of creating such a bound state with the
release of energy (17 KeV) and without a neutrino.
To a much smaller degree, it seems possible that a Bose condensate might
momentarily be formed between adsorbed hydrogen and lattice atoms. Such
cases, as well as cases of neutron formation noted above, could possibly
account for various transmutations observed in CF experiments.
This hypothesis also provides some explanation for observed positive
effects of using particles to stimulate loaded cathodes.
The hypothesis possibly explains the recent Kamada, et. al. results,
where
massive heat generation melted small areas throughout the surface of an
aluminum target, indicating MeV energy releases. The target was
loaded by
deuteron beam, but the interesting thing about the experiment is that
the
melting was precipitated by a 175 keV electron beam.
THE ENERGY WITH NO ASH EFFECT
One of the most difficult effects to explain is the excess heat with no
nuclear ash. If the subject hypothesis is correct, there is a potential
energy generating mechanism not requiring fusion. The possibility is
that
the hypothesized waveform "collapse at a point" usually does *not*
result
in a fusion, and the deuterons simply fly apart. In this case, the two
impart whatever energy had been gained by, in effect, tunneling through
the coulomb barrier during the condensate waveform collapse. This is
not
tunneling in the conventional sense, only a result of the waveforms
overlapping before collapsing. The original impinging electron would be
freed, plus massive numbers of neighboring electrons excited, thus
potentially creating a reaction chain. The resulting energy would
tend to
be split about 50/50 between the two deuterons, i.e. unlikely but at
most
about 0.25 MeV each, and the electron might even potentially lose
some of
its energy since it ended up in a coulomb well, and undoubtedly
radiated.
The coulomb well is greatly "shallowed" by the fact the electron
provides
some degree of shielding for the repulsing deuterons. This could
account
for the lack of detectable signatures.
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
One way to test the hypothesis would involve colliding a particle
beam with
a Bose condensate and looking at the resulting products
spectographically,
e.g. bombard with protons and look for Strontium, Tungsten, or Osmium,
etc., spectral lines in the results, and the presence of high energy
neutrons or other particles. Additionally, high energy electron
bombardment of the Bose condensate might create similar effects by
catalyzing the condensate waveform collapse.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
If true, the hypothesis indicates that spiking the cathodes of CF
electrolysis cells with particle emitters should greatly increase the
yield
and reliability of the CF effects.
