On Jan 26, 2011, at 2:18 AM, Taylor J. Smith wrote:
Hi Horace, 1-26-11
Please define lambda0 and sigma+
Thanks, Jack Smith
The short answer is to substitute the greek letter for "lambda" and
"sigma" above, to obtain the A longer answer is provided below.
This was covered starting on page 20 in my Journal of Nuclear Physics
(blog) article, "Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions" at:
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Cold%20Fusion%
20Nuclear%20Reactions%20-%20Horace%20Heffner.pdf
http://tinyurl.com/28o3s66
also available here (www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com seems to be
having overload or permission troubles):
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
My quark notation was described starting on page 15.
I am pretty much simply applying the standard model.
Following here is a quick background.
Particles which interact via the strong (nuclear) force are called
hadrons. Protons and neutrons are hadrons. The nucleus is made up of
hadrons, plus (messenger) particles which carry forces between
hadrons and which hold the hadrons together, i.e. provide a binding
force. Hadrons are made of bound quarks, typically either three
quarks (baryons) or two quarks (mesons) per hadron. The quarks in
hadrons are bound together by the color force. There is some evidence
of short lived particles made of more than three quarks, but this is
not ordinary stable matter. Ordinary matter hadrons are made up of
up and down quarks, designated u and d respectively. There are other
kinds of quarks besides u and d. Another example is the strange
quark, s. Each type of quark has an associated anti-particle. These
are typically designated with an overstrike, a horizontal bar above
the quark letter. Here I'll just use an apostrophe to designate an
anti-quark, e.g. u', d', s'. Quark pairs, e.g. d and d', u and u', s
and s', can have a brief existence momentarily out of nothing, i.e.
emerge from the vacuum as fluctuations. These are called virtual
particles because the lifetime of their existence is limited by
Heisenberg's principle. Real hadrons, made up of many different
feasible quark pairs or triplets can be created from high energy
collisions. Quarks are not thus far found alone, only in hadrons.
A proton is comprised of two up quarks and a down quark, and is
typically designated uud. A neutron is comprised of two down quarks
and an up quark, and is thus designated ddu. A delta+ particle, where
"delta" is replaced with a greek delta, is ddd. Hyperons are
particles which contain strange quarks. The sigma+ particle is a
hyperon typically designated uus. The K0 particle, or kaon, is
designate ds', and the lambda0 particle is designated dus. These
particles, and their normal decays, are described in more detail in
my article, but using the appropriate greek letters.
In order to describe the deflated state, and to provide some notion
of the coordinated, it was necessary to define a slightly new form of
notation, involving parentheses, so that I could easily show the
relationship of the proposed deflated quark state to quark and hardon
interactions.
I'll just quote my article (p. 15) regarding the (very slightly) new
notation required to explain deflation fusion:
DEFINING SOME QUARK RELATED NOTATION
Suppose a proton is designated (u,d,u) and a neutron designated
(d,u,d). This is somewhat representative of how, upon inspection, we
might expect to find the quarks oriented, with the like charge quarks
tending to be separated, co-located at opposing sides of the proton
or neutron wavefunction. The d quark has -1/3 q charge u quark has
+2/3 q charge, giving the proton +1 q charge and making the neutron
neutral, but with an outer envelope of negative charge and inner core
of positive charge. The proton tends to have an outer shell of
positive charge, and an inner core with diminished charge. In an
overall deuteron wavefunction, this distribution of charge tends to
slightly increase the p-n bond, as of course does spin coupling. In
addition there should be a kind of hadron version of the van der
Waals force between the hadrons, due to location uncertainty combined
with inter-hadron Coulomb colocation of quarks exposed on the
surfaces of the interacting hadrons. This is a form of a Casimir
force that results in some degree of bonding or attraction between
any two hadrons, including two neutrons, even if for a very short
half-life in the case of the di-neutron.
Now enter the momentarily nucleus bound electron, the deflated
electron. A singly deflated proton p* looks like (d,u,(u e)), and is
neutral, a doubly deflated proton, -p**, looks like ((u e),d,(u e)),
and is negative, while a deflated neutron -n* is denoted (d,(u e),d)
and is negative. The momentary (u e) couplet can be called a deflated
up quark, and simply designated u*, and has -1/3 q charge. In the
deflated proton, (d,u,(u e))), stress is highly reduced. The charges
are of the form (-1/3, +2/3,-1/3) as opposed to the proton’s (+2/3,
-1/3, +2/3). The central up quark in the deflated proton is able to
fully shield the repelling force between the down quark and the
deflated up quark. The deflated proton thus carries much less energy
into a nuclear reaction. A deflated proton thus highly de-energizes
the fused nucleus, above and beyond the electron de-energization due
to the suddenly increased charge of the newly fused nucleus. This
energy reduction in the deflated proton also accounts for its
longevity, which is estimated to be on the order of attoseconds. Note
that the opposite applies to the deflated neutron, (d,(u e),d). Its
internal charges are of the form (-1/3, -1/3,-1/3) as opposed to the
neutron’s normal (-1/3,+2/3,-1/3). It is thus expected a deflated
neutron would have a brief half-life, and cold fusion would thus be
dominated by deflated proton mechanics. The situation is more complex
if strange matter is involved, however, and thus the neutron can be
expected to be much more involved in strange matter reactions than in
fusion reactions.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
