On Steve Krivit's blog: http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/06/16/preliminary-report-of-interviews-with-e-cat-trio-rossi-focardi-and-levi/
Steve writes: "....On my request Tuesday, Rossi removed the hose from the drain. Before doing so, he carefully lifted the last meter of the hose above the height of the drain, allowed any water in it to flow down the drain for a few seconds, and then removed the hose from the drain, keeping the open end pointed up. I could see some white steam slowly exiting from the hose. He said he had to put it back in the drain quickly, after a few seconds, otherwise it could be dangerous." ========================================== It is hard to know the velocity of the steam exiting the black rubber hose in Rossi's experiment. Below are some calculations in Excel based on all the liquid turning to vapor. Krivit says (above) "I could see some white steam slowly exiting from the hose". Caveat: In Krivit's observation we don't know the thermal power level, the water flow rate or if it is just at the beginning. Let's look at human breath velocity when blowing really hard as a reference. I don't know the velocity of human breath - I tried to google it but got nothing. I did a back of the envelope calculation. Assume One breath = 1000 cc (I measured mine when blowing very hard) and assume you open your mouth so that the opening has a size of about 0.7 cm tall and 1.5 cm wide (I measured this to get this estimate) and assume you blow it all out in 0.25 seconds. This gives a breath velocity of 90 mph. The equation for the water vapor velocity in the chart below is: velocity = 7366 * water mass flow rate / (diameter^2) where: velocity is mph mass flow rate is in grams/sec black hose inner diameter is in inches The equation for Power in the chart below was based on heating water from 10 C to 100 C and then totally vaporizing it. The equation for Power is: Power = mass flow rate * 2.634 where: Power is in kW mass flow rate is in grams/sec Below is a chart of steam vapor exit velocity for Rossi's experiment for reference. It's a mixture of SI units and English units (i.e. inches, mph, grams). Col 1. Black Hose Inner Diameter (in) Col 2. Mass flow rate in grams per sec (g/s) Col 3. Steam 100% Vapor Exit Velocity (mph) Col 4. Thermal Power (kW) Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 ------- ------- ------- -------- 0.4 5 230 13.2 0.5 5 147 13.2 0.6 5 102 13.2 0.7 5 75 13.2 0.8 5 57 13.2 0.9 5 45 13.2 0.4 3 138 7.9 0.5 3 88 7.9 0.6 3 61 7.9 0.7 3 45 7.9 0.8 3 35 7.9 0.9 3 27 7.9 0.4 2 92 5.3 0.5 2 59 5.3 0.6 2 41 5.3 0.7 2 30 5.3 0.8 2 23 5.3 0.9 2 18 5.3 My question is: What did the steam look like when it exited the black hose? Was it transparent right at the exit point? If it is white then it is a mixture of vapor and droplets. Theoretically the steam could be 100% tiny droplets and have very little thermal energy in it (it would be 1/6 of the energy in totally transparent 100% vapor on a mass basis). Was it moving as fast as a person could blow? Why does Rossi and Levi insist on doing tough steam measurements versus creating a big tank of hot water? I think the reason is because they are perpetrating fraud. Jeff
