Eric, I have analyzed interactions of waveforms such as you pointed out that
consist of two sidebands on several occasions. You can treat the final output
as the superposition of the responses of each signal separately. This is true
for any linear system, but if the system is highly nonlinear then it becomes
more complex quickly. Your application concept falls within the time domain to
frequency domain transformation. You can get the correct answer by both
methods if you are careful, but usually one technique will simply the operation.
I am not sure that the heterodyne operation will buy you much in this case.
I like the reference material you located and feel confident that it will be
useful.
I did a bit of exploring to get a better understanding of the pressures that
arise from X-rays used within the hydrogen weapons. The article I found in
wikipedia leads me to believe that most of the pressure by several orders of
magnitude is due to ablation of material from a tamper as a result of X-ray
illumination. I believe that process relies upon the conservation of momentum
for the pressure pulse. Material is blasted off the tamper and the resulting
reaction conserves momentum. I find this process very interesting but it is
not clear how it would help in our attempt to push hydrogen smoothly into the
nickel nucleus.
I need to buy a deck of those magic cards. Does Amazon carry them?
I suspect that the optical cavities with a Q or 2000 do a good job of storing
energy for a normal laser. Is that Q based upon the escape of a very small
percentage of the light rebounding within the cavity through one of the
mirrored end surfaces? Do you know if that happens to be the optimum value for
the type of laser you are discussing? This leaves me wondering how one goes
about reflecting X-Rays so that they can gain energy with time. A thought just
occurred to me. Could you use a torroid ring of material that keeps X-rays
reflected in a circular path that is a multiple of a wavelength? I assume that
the size of the ring could be adjusted so that each small reflection angle does
not allow the X-rays to be absorbed. Pure speculation on my part here!
You mention that the most probable fusion reaction taking place ends with the
generation of helium. That might be the case, but Rossi will have a lot of
explaining to do if this is true. I am making a special effort to take him at
his word on the reaction products at this point but hope to explore the other
concepts soon if nothing pans out. There must be some way to prevent the
formation of gammas during the fusion process. A retarding of the proton
acceleration during the strong force interaction is the best I can come up with
at this time. Where are the demons when you really need them?
Dave
.
-----Original Message-----
From: Eric Walker <[email protected]>
To: vortex-l <[email protected]>
Sent: Fri, Jun 29, 2012 2:37 am
Subject: [Vo]:Re: [Vo]: Dave’s Demon and Radiation Free LENR
On Thu, Jun 28, 2012 at 9:23 AM, David Roberson <[email protected]> wrote:
Your graphs clearly demonstrate the double balanced mix of a carrier signal and
a modulation signal. I have been working with radio design for many years and
this is a classical view. Even though the magnitude of the total waveform goes
to zero based upon the modulation frequency, the actual signal consists of two
individual sine waves. If you place a narrow band filter centered on one of
the components you will observe a steady sine wave with a ripple on its
magnitude proportional to the amount of leakage afforded the filtered out
signal. I understand your point that strange things happen when non linear
activity is present and I have seen some amazing behavior.
In your experience, would the interaction of such a waveform with the
environment be more like two separate, superposed waves, or like a new, hybrid
wave? Is there some kind of emergent behavior, or is heterodyning not all that
interesting in this context?
Thanks for pointing out that nickel is opaque to a band of frequencies that
begins at zero hertz and continues until x-rays are passed at somewhere beyond
50 keV. I have always assumed that this is due to the reflection of the energy
by free electrons within the metal but have never looked into the process in
any detail.
By "opaque" I am thinking in relative terms. I recall doing a calculation in
which the intensity of a beam at 50 keV through 1cm of nickel went almost to
zero, although I might have done the calculation wrong. It's at this energy
that one sees a discontinuity in the linear attenuation coefficient in the
following table, where it is significantly greater than coefficients for higher
energies:
http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/DS68/pg53.pdf
NIST provides a tool to calculate the intensity of electromagnetic radiation
passing through different materials at different wavelengths if you're
interested:
http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xcom/index.cfm
http://imgur.com/fow0e
My concern at the moment is for the high energy photons at the binding energy
region, in this case near 8 MeV. I worry that once released, these will be
nearly impossible to attenuate. I know of the W&L theory that their proposed
heavy electrons will accomplish the job, but there has never been any proof
that this is true. Also, how could this process influence virtually all of the
gamma rays in every direction unless the nickel is literally crawling with
heavy electrons? The extremely tiny wavelength of these high energy gammas
would not suggest to me that they impact many nearby electrons if any at all.
Couple this with the fact that no one has proven that the heavy electrons exist
and you can see why I am skeptical.
I'm inclined to go along with those who don't like the "heavy electron patches"
for now. I figure one has three cards, each of which will buy you magic or a
miracle of some kind, and I don't want to spend mine on heavy electrons
intercepting gammas.
My current thinking on the attenuation problem is that the cavity becomes
"viscous" to the gammas due to the x-rays, and as a result the gammas are
disrupted right at the source. Perhaps you could get 100 percent suppression
if you require that the emission of gammas occur if and only if there are
sufficient x-rays present, and that this occur away from the ends of the cavity.
I like the concept of an x-ray laser and expect that one day it might be
demonstrated. Someone might already know of such a device, and it would be
interesting for them to tell us of its nature.
I believe x-ray lasers have already been created; if I remember correctly,
Peter Hagelstein worked on them at one point. I am not sure whether they have
been made at the scales that we have been discussing. If not, I think there
are efforts underway. These slides go into some of the related effects at
small scales:
http://www.aps.anl.gov/video/APS_Colloquium/2006/030106/030106.pdf
Have you calculated the number of coherent x-rays at the 50 keV energy level
needed to impart upon a proton the coulomb barrier energy? According to
calculations that I have seen we need to obtain somewhere within the ballpark
of 5 MeV of energy to breech that barrier. This appears like an interesting
path to explore. I like the concept of x-rays trapped within a slot cavity.
In radio terms I wonder what Q is associated with this process? This is
another way of asking for information about the rate at which energy escapes
your trap.
In the slides above, Q values of greater than 2000 are mentioned. The cavities
were optical cavities but were not necessarily lasers. I am most interested in
the mere presence and role of optical cavities in some form, but if there is
lasing as well, all the better. I wondered about whether the cavities needed
to be straight and symmetric in order to work, and I found some abstracts on
"chaotic" scattering in deformed cavities that seemed to involve high Q values
as well.
About calculations of the energies required -- this is something I need to look
into more.
Are you visualizing a system where a number of trapped x-rays continue to apply
pressure against a proton also trapped within the slot thereby forcing it into
the hands of a nearby nickel nucleus? This might actually apply ramped up
pressure as more x-rays become trapped with time. I suspect that the vort
members that have a strong background in chemistry would consider it unlikely
that the crystal structure could withstand this magnitude of pressure. It is
not my call.
I'm imagining one of two situations, or possibly a combination of both:
1. X-rays resonating with the cavity mode, perhaps for an extended period of
time (in relative terms). They ionize hydrogen and increase the temperature in
the cavity to the point that conventional fusion goes from a negligible
probability to a significant one. But the rate would be the minimum sufficient
to sustain the reaction by releasing energy into the cavity, which ultimately
thermalizes to infrared in the bulk of the substrate. The ambient infrared
would be in some kind of equilibrium with the the cavities, and the cavities,
acting like tuning forks, would translate the infrared pouring back in from the
bulk into shorter wavelengths.
2. X-rays and EUVs ionize the walls of the cavity and cause the ejected
electrons to enter the cavity. Perhaps the negative electrostatic charge from
free electrons becomes large through some process, and the ionized hydrogen are
drawn to the electrons and hence closer to one another. This is similar to
what happens in a Polywell reactor.
The final products would be helium and infrared radiation. I do not imagine
the nickel + p reaction would be more than a secondary one. Andrea Rossi may
have found a catalyst in an unstable isotope of nickel that will easily fuse,
releasing a burst of energy that will accelerate the process. But I'm given to
understand that the largest products by far are helium and heat and that
transmutations are not sufficient to account for the power that is generated.
About the x-rays exerting pressure on the walls of the cavity, I imagine this
would be equivalent to that exerted upon the ionized hydrogen. It seems like
the Mossbauer effect might be relevant here, such that the recoil is absorbed
by the crystal as a whole rather than individual nickel atoms. For an
individual atom the force might be high, but if amortized over the entire
lattice, there might not be too much disruption. In certain cases, however,
you would expect to see the temperature and pressure to go beyond a certain
threshold, and this seems to be what is sometimes observed in images of melted
regions on the surface.
Eric
