This article below is one many recently about information-storage using “superparamagnetism” – and not about the energy aspects; but this subject area of superparamagnetism is becoming a major part of a hypothesis for explaining the gain seen in some Ni-H systems, so it is worth mentioning again in that context.
http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Nature_Molecule_Changes_Magnetism_and_Co nductance_999.html This evolving theory of nanomagnetism accepts that there can be several completely different methods for nuclear and quasi-nuclear gain with hydrogen at the nanoscale, and especially with deuterium. Here are the gainful metal-hydride reactions which have substantial experimental evidence behind them (in roughly chronological order): 1) The original LENR of P&F which is seen with palladium and deuterium, and involves fusion to helium or tritium. 2) The original f/H (fractional hydrogen) mechanism of Mills, now expanded by Miley and others as Rydberg hydrogen. No radioactivity involved. 3) A Focardi/Rossi mechanism involving the transmutation of nickel into copper or other metals. This is probably a version of the W-L beta decay mechanism, but little radioactivity is seen. 4) The Storms mechanism, which is similar to 1) and is true LENR with fusion of protons, and involves beta decay. 5) A nano-magnetism mechanism which is quasi-fusion related (QCD reversible-proton-fusion and a strong force reaction – Not beta). This is QM based, and can leave trace radioactivity and transmutation. 6) Any combination or permutation of the above - since none of them are mutually exclusive. This list is NOT what most theorist want to accept: that there could be many mechanisms for gain in hydrogen loaded cavities. In fact, the mainstream hates this scenario of “several gainful mechanisms“ worse than the original "cold fusion" shocker intruded on their complacency, since it multiplies their errors of omission. But essentially we must ask - why not many mechanisms? After all most of the universe is hydrogen, and there is no law or logical reason that quantum interactions of hydrogen should be simple – because the atom seems simple at first glance. The nanomagnetism theory is the only one (of the above) which can account for endotherm, which has been seen in some hydride systems - and is perhaps more of a shocking anomaly than excess heat. Endotherm in this case means that when a certain amount of outside heat is put into the system, a substantial fraction of that heat seems to physically disappear, as if there was a magic internal heat sink. Celani, Technova and others have seen this physical feature – but have not pursued it. DCE, the dynamical Casimir effect was introduced by Julian Schwinger in 1992: “Casimir Energy for Dielectrics,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89 4091–3. Although he was a proponent of cold fusion, it is not clear to what extent Schwinger himself was fully promoting DCE as an alternative explanation for gain (or else as a predecessor condition for nuclear reactions). He simply did not have all the pieces to the puzzle then, but was suggesting the idea that electron tunneling and QM effects such as the Lamb shift can account for some excess energy. The Lamb Shift, superparamagnetism, and the DCE are interleaved and together portend both anomalous heating AND anomalous cooling. All you need is the correct material in the correct geometry in the same way that the Casimir force itself can be either attractive or repulsive. The explanation of internal thermal loss is a huge surprise to many observers. The Lamb shift is a small difference in energy between two energy levels of the hydrogen atom in quantum electrodynamics (QED) so it can go either way if asymmetric. It is basically a spin-flip. It was the harbinger of modern QED as developed by Schwinger and others. The Lamb shift is tiny in each instance, but lattice phonons move a terahertz frequencies and higher, so the “transaction rate” for tiny incremental gain or loss in contained hydrogen, due to the Lamb shift, is staggering… same with the dynamical Casimir effect of photons, as the two fit like hand-in-glove. All one needs to realize either anomaly over time is to impose asymmetry in a lasting way. Magnets are good at that. Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism, and can appear in ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and/or multiferroic nanoparticles. Wiki has a decent articles on all of these topics. In properly sized materials containing nickel at the nanoscale, for instance, ferro-magnetization can flip rapidly under the influence of temperature around a threshold level, and with asymmetric gain or loss. The typical time between flips is called the Néel relaxation time which is below a nanosecond. In the absence of an imposed magnetic field, the flip time of the nanoparticles (due to magnon interaction) is longer than the polarized Néel relaxation time. This is why a magnetic field can assist with excess thermal gain or loss (the Letts/Cravens effect). Everything is complicated in a scenario when anomalous heat comes from the DCE, since this may involve either the Lamb shift or relativistic effects or both. There are proved relativistic effects in Casimir cavities, and that implies energy anomalies which can be either exothermic, endothermic, or both. Eventually the source of heat being “from DCE” is not descriptive of the physics, since it is a “proximate cause,” and not an ultimate cause. The ultimate cause of excess heat is thought to be conversion of a tiny percentage of proton mass into energy. Proton mass is an average around the value of 938.27MeV, with potential to supply as much as several KeV without being noticed from the high end of the distribution. The heavier fraction of protons can supply energy via “magnons”… and yes – magnons are the final piece of the puzzle, since under QCD these are the quantum of spin - and can transfer mass into “spin waves” to cause spin flips with hydrogen, or simple core heating in elements with magnetic susceptibility. Magnon transfer can happen whenever quark color change happens in protons (which is often in confined systems- where protons are captured in Casimir cavities). Jones
<<attachment: winmail.dat>>
