Jones,
I like this perspective, The only thing I would quibble with is [snip]
recirculating electrons in Casimir cavities, which act 'as if' relativistic,
can catalyze P+P[/snip] I don't think this is "acting" as relativistic at all -
it absolutely IS relativistic as Naudts stated in 2005 regarding the Mills
hydrino! the rapid changes in vacuum energy due to rapid changes in Casimir
suppression geometry is relativistic where the numerator squared [C] is changed
instead of the denominator squared [V]. There are 2 considerations that
actually make this effect far more interesting than the more commonly accepted
time dilation that occurs when a spaceships V approaches C, First, vacuum
energy is suppressed in a cavity instead of concentrated into a well meaning
that we outside the cavity take on the appearance of slowing down in time
relative to the local observer inside the cavity allowing activity in the
cavity to progress at a greatly accelerated rate from our perspective which
quickly accumulates the anomaly , and second, The numerator doesn't need to
approach the same sort of extremes required for a near luminal space ship to
store your diseased uncle till medical science catches up but rather the rapid
changes in vacuum energy due to changes in Casimir geometry equate to
impossibly fast changes in velocity or jurk - the quotient doesn't care about
anything except the ratio. An AC effect we can not comprehend in the macro
where mass and inertia impose physical limits the rules become meaningless when
gravitational gradients don't have to follow the square law. I still posit
this is the true nature of catalytic action - modulating the rate of the ether
through our dimensional plane at a rapid rate to assist chemical reactions. We
aren't getting something for nothing but we use geometry to force the river of
time into chaotic white water in order to accelerate our chemical reactions.
Fran
_____________________________________________
From: Jones Beene [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Friday, November 02, 2012 11:41 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: EXTERNAL: [Vo]:Massless electrons and Klein bottles
In some kinds of electron tunneling, such as in graphene, electrons behave as
if they were massless - as described by the so-called "massless Dirac
equation". However, the electrons move at a lower velocity than c in actuality
(to an external observer). This is called Klein tunneling - Wiki has a
lightweight piece on the phenomenon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_paradox
This is from the same Oscar Klein who is credited for the Kaluza-Klein theory
of "enfolded" extra-dimensionality. Curiously, a different Klein (Felix) came
up with a geometry for manifold "looping" which can be visualized in
macro-reality as the 'Klein bottle' and it too is a dimensional thing. This
geometry may also have special relevance at the nanoscale in describing the
dynamical Casimir effect (DCE) and even more so, when combined with Klein
tunneling.
Dirac electrons are observed in nano-geometry and on 2D surfaces where they
cross energy barriers which they should not be able to cross. The Klein bottle
is a good visual metaphor for that phenomenon, in that electrons are fungible.
This can offer insight about the tiny bit of excess energy which derives from
the most common kind of fusion in the Universe, reversible proton fusion - but
in a way that occurs in Casimir cavities, as a replacement for the gravity
field.
IOW - recirculating electrons in Casimir cavities, which act 'as if'
relativistic, can catalyze P+P "reversible fusion", in which there is seldom
any observable difference in the two protons, which temporarily fuse to 2He and
immediately 'fission' back to two protons - with almost no other significant
change other than shedding magnons during QCD color change (as 2He reverts to
P+P). A tiny amount of gluon mass is lost.
Jones
ADDENDUM (long "boilerplate") - Because of the complexity of how DCE and
reversible proton fusion would fit into the big picture of LENR, I have
modified the following general framework to incorporate it into a larger
context. Otherwise, It is too easy to be misunderstood - without consideration
of the entire realm of interlocking relationships.
An evolving theory of nanomagnetism which incorporates the dynamical Casimir
effect, magnons, and reversible fusion accepts that there can be several
different methods for nuclear and quasi-nuclear gain with hydrogen at the
nanoscale. Here are the gainful metal-hydride reactions for which there is
substantial experimental evidence (in roughly chronological order):
1) The original LENR of P&F which is seen with palladium and deuterium, and
involves fusion to helium or tritium.
2) The original f/H (fractional hydrogen) mechanism of Mills, now expanded by
Miley and others as Rydberg hydrogen or as the DDL (deep Dirac layer). No
radioactivity involved.
3) A Focardi/Rossi mechanism involving the transmutation of nickel into copper
or other metals. This can be described as a version of the W-L beta decay
mechanism, as can Brillouin's mechanism.
4) The Storms mechanism, which is similar to 1) and is true LENR in the sense
of fusion of protons to deuterium, but suggests a much higher probability of
beta decay of 2He, so that substantial deuterium can happen.
5) A nanomagnetism mechanism which is quasi-fusion (QCD
reversible-proton-fusion) and a strong force reaction - not involving the weak
force). The "ash" is magnon "radiation" from protons which interact
magnetically. This is QM based and consequently can leave trace radioactivity
and transmutation.
6) Any combination or permutation of the above - since none of them are
mutually exclusive.
This list is NOT what most theorist's want to accept: that there could be
several overlapping mechanisms for gain in hydrogen loaded nanocavities or
matrices. It is anti-Ockham, but in fact all of QM is anti-Ockham.
Essentially we must ask - why not many mechanisms? After all, most of the
universe is composed of hydrogen, and there is no logical reason that quantum
interactions of subatomic hydrogen should be simple - just because the atom
itself seems simple at first glance. When broken down to quarks, gluons and
color change etc, simplicity disappears.
The nanomagnetism theory is the only one (of the above) which can account for
non-chemical endotherm, which has been seen in some hydride systems - and is
perhaps more of a shocking anomaly than excess heat. Endotherm, in this case
means that when a large amount of outside heat is put into the system, a
substantial fraction of that heat seems to physically disappear, as if there
was a magic internal heat sink - far surpassing any chemical explanation by
orders of magnitude. Celani, Technova, Ahern and others have seen this physical
feature - but have not pursued it.
DCE, the dynamical Casimir effect was introduced by Julian Schwinger in 1992 in
"Casimir Energy for Dielectrics." Although he was a proponent of cold fusion,
it is not clear to what extent Schwinger himself was fully promoting DCE as an
alternative explanation for gain (or else as a predecessor condition for
nuclear reactions). He simply did not have all the pieces to the puzzle then,
but was suggesting the idea that electron tunneling and QM effects such as the
Lamb shift can account for some excess energy. The Lamb Shift,
superparamagnetism, and the DCE are interleaved and together portend both
anomalous heating AND anomalous cooling. All you need is the correct material
in the correct geometry in the same way that the Casimir force itself can be
either attractive or repulsive. The explanation of internal thermal loss is a
huge surprise to many observers.
The Lamb shift is a small difference in energy between two energy levels of the
hydrogen atom in quantum electrodynamics (QED) so it can go either way if
asymmetric. It is basically a spin-flip. It was the harbinger of modern QED as
developed by Schwinger and others. The Lamb shift is tiny in each instance, but
lattice phonons move a terahertz frequencies and higher, so the "transaction
rate" for tiny incremental gain or loss in contained hydrogen, due to the Lamb
shift, is staggering... same with the dynamical Casimir effect of photons, as
the two fit like hand-in-glove. All one needs to realize either anomaly over
time is to impose asymmetry in a lasting way. Magnets are good at that.
Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism, and can appear in ferromagnetic,
ferrimagnetic, and/or multiferroic nanoparticles. Wiki has a decent articles on
all of these topics. In properly sized materials containing nickel at the
nanoscale, for instance, ferro-magnetization can flip rapidly under the
influence of temperature around a threshold level, and with asymmetric gain or
loss. The typical time between flips is called the Néel relaxation time which
is below a nanosecond.
In the absence of an imposed magnetic field, the flip time of the nanoparticles
(due to magnon interaction) is longer than the polarized Néel relaxation time.
This is why a magnetic field can assist with excess thermal gain or loss (the
Letts/Cravens effect). Everything is complicated in a scenario when anomalous
heat comes from the DCE, since this may involve either the Lamb shift or
relativistic effects or both. There are proved relativistic effects in Casimir
cavities, and that implies energy anomalies which can be either exothermic,
endothermic, or both. Eventually the source of heat being "from DCE" is not
descriptive of the physics, since it is a "proximate cause," and not an
ultimate cause.
The ultimate cause of excess heat is thought to be conversion of a tiny
percentage of proton mass into energy. Proton mass is an average around the
value of 938.27MeV, with potential to supply as much as several KeV without
being noticed from the high end of the distribution. The heavier fraction of
protons can supply energy via "magnons"... and yes - magnons are the final
piece of the puzzle, since under QCD these are the quantum of spin - and can
transfer mass into "spin waves" to cause spin flips with hydrogen, or simple
core heating in elements with magnetic susceptibility. Magnon transfer can
happen whenever quark color change happens in protons (which is often in
confined systems- where protons are captured in Casimir cavities).
Jones
