Greetings, As mentioned previously, the value of ~300 eV could be a key to understanding the excess heat of the Rossi effect. This mass-energy level would be witnessed as a photon at the upper limit of ultraviolet spectrum or a soft x-ray. This value is most unusual for photon emission in condensed matter - being far above chemical and far below nuclear origin; but it fits the experimental results in a way that nothing else has been able to do.
All of the excess heat of the reaction of Nickel-62 with hydrogen could depend on emission of photons in this spectrum, which in this hypothesis is based on a modification of the prior work of Mills. In terms of CQM (the original theory of Randell Mills) this value represents the 11th Rydberg multiple (27.2 eV * 11). In the nickel atom, it represents the sum of the first 6 electron ionization potentials. For nickel, that total is 299.96 eV and the perfect fit would be 299.2 eV. Nickel has 10 valence electrons and 28 total electrons, and it should be noted that the first five IP electrons of Nickel also represent a lesser but close Rydberg "fit" and that there could be significance to having a fit at two adjacent levels. However, these ionization levels are deep, and for all practical purposes there is little way that we would see "real" thermal ionization which could remove 6 valence electrons to create the required "energy hole" with which to catalyze the redundant ground state of hydrogen. This is where we must depart from Mills into what looks like normal QM (which is specifically rejected by Mills). The salient issue is "how" does this kind of deep energy hole develop without physical ionization? The answer to that can be labeled as collapse of the electron wave-function of the nickel atom's electron shell, due to local charge imbalance. This goes well beyond the prior usage of the term (collapse of the wave-function) to represent a figment of viewer interaction. A charge imbalance is the direct result of what makes nickel-62 unique in the periodic table. In this hypothesis that imbalance can result in a spontaneous collapse and decoherence - which almost immediately returns to a coherent state, but with anomalous side-effects. Remember, this nickel isotope is a singularity - having the highest bonding strength per nuclide in the periodic table. That bond strength (8.8 MeV per nucleon) indicates one latent physical factor: excess neutrons per unit of expressed nuclear charge. By all rights Ni-62 should represent more than 3.6 percent of all nickel atoms, since it possesses the highest bonding strength possible, but that is balanced by Coulomb instability. This is precisely why the nucleus with the highest binding strength is found in low enrichment. In short, this isotope has the maximum percentage of excess neutrons possible per nuclear charge, and teeters on the edge of electrostatic stability. Of course, the further up one goes in the periodic table, the greater the ratio of Neutrons to Protons, but the bond strength per nucleon goes progressively down. Nickel-62 represents the absolute maximum value for effective positive "charge shielding" - which will be defined as the ability of neutrons to spatially shield some of the normal positive charge (near field charge). Positive charge must balance against the net electron charge. This is a fine point but a very critical point. There is inherent charge instability in Ni-62 which is ironically the result of its extreme nuclear bond strength. Next, consider ductility and proton adsorption->absorption. Ductile metals like nickel, are tough because the atoms are forced together by a "sea of electrons". The negative charge agglomeration (electron glue) is subject to self-limiting Coulomb forces from the nucleus. At the limit of electron cohesive strength, we may also find a decoupling to nuclear stability and the beginning of the next plateau of "friability". Since Ni-62 is neutron heavy, this has stronger implications for the expression of positive charge when another species is near the electron cloud, and poised to enter the nuclear cloud. Thus Ni-62 would be in a slot where it will fail catastrophically via a wave-function collapse triggered by local excess charge. Too much negative charge, in effect which affects adjacent protons in some way, even if the nickel eigenstate cannot evolve net energy. With nickel, this collapse will occasionally involve the 5th and 6th cumulative ionization levels especially the 6th which is an almost perfect energy "hole" for ground state (Rydberg) redundancy. The resulting photon is ~ 300 eV which will not show up on any gamma detector, but gives hundreds of times more heat than a chemical reaction. To see if any other researcher had seen or documented this value - a search turns up Biberian's report that this exact value was seen in Japan in a nickel-copper experiment. Here is the relevant quote: "As for the heat balance, the endothermic tendency was observed both in D and H runs below 500 K, above which only H had the exothermic tendency. At 523K, while the deuterium run remained endothermic, the protium run showed the exothermic tendency with a specific output energy reaching about 300 eV/atom-Ni which is anomalously high in view of the known chemical reactions." "Gas-phase hydrogen isotope absorption/adsorption characteristics of a Ni-based sample" Y. Miyoshi, H. Sakoh, A. Taniike, A. Kitamura, A. Takahashi, T. Murota an d T. Tahara, Proceedings of the 12th Meeting of Japan CF Research Society, JCF12 December 17-18, 2011 Kobe University, Japan, p. 1 This energy range - 300 eV fits the evidence well - since it is about 200 times more energetic than burning hydrogen in oxygen and it produces no measureable radiation outside the reactor and little transmutation. As to the "real" source of excess energy, which Mills claims comes from "reduced electron angular momentum" - that particular detail of CQM is also completely rejected in this hypothesis, in favor of another previously expressed concept: mass-to-energy conversion of excess proton mass (the proton is not quantized and a fraction of protons is "heavier" than average, and can shed a few ppm or mass through QCD color-charge dynamics). More on that later. Jones
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