Charles, Potassium is the most notorious of the so-called Mills catalysts for forcing ground state redundancy, well known from the Thermacore patent and experiments going back to the early 1990s for DARPA (Gernert paper). But the reason for the greater effectiveness of the carbonate is not clear to everyone, especially since it has been noted that KOH is no more active than NaOH in electrolysis, so what gives?
The "apparent" Rydberg multiple which is applicable for K is deep (3rd or 3x 27.2 = 81.6 eV) similar to lithium, and only a plasma would provide that much energy for occasional deep ionization in a reliable way - so at first K would not seem to be valuable for low energy redundancy reactions, in any form and especially not electrolysis. The first ionization potential for K is 4.34 eV and the second is 31.63 with the difference being 27.29 eV and that would have certain implications for a catalytic fit in a convoluted way (which is one reason why Mills' rules for catalysis have been criticized). One scenario for the Gernert gas-phase paper would involve double ionization of K due to a UV limited chain reaction as hydrogen exits the nickel capillary tubing - in the presence of some non-ionized H2 where the first IP of molecular hydrogen (4.48) returned the first 4S electron to the K leaving the ~27.2 "hole." If one were to re-analyze Gernert today - knowing what has transpired since the Rossi HotCat, then one would probably be looking for a plasmon/ polariton connection between the nickel tubing and the K2CO3. This would explain the persistence of UV light and offer easy falsifiability. Another possible rationale for the effectiveness of K2CO3 relates to the carbonate anion and its oxides. One of the better catalysts for photochemistry turns out to be triple oxides like rust. This catalyst uses the UV component of solar light as well. Three oxygen atoms at angstrom spacing may have special affinity for UV (e.g. ozone layer). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23226798 http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1085438_is-rust-the-key-to-cleaner-solar -generated-hydrogen From: Charles Francis Concerning his recent patent update, Andrea Rossi apparently removed claims to the catalyst (re: the Cat in E-Cat) and it was suggested that this might have to do with prior use of his secret ingredient (i.e., perhaps he borrowed the recipe from elsewhere or inadvertently rediscovered it). I just noticed that anomalous heat production from Potassium Carbonate in combination with atomic hydrogen and nickel is mentioned in this unclassified 1994 military report: http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/GernertNnascenthyd.pdf (the authors, incidentally, seem to be those today linked with BlackLight Power) Moreover, purportedly leaked notes from a 2012 Defkalion visit again mention Potassium Carbonate: http://ecatnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Summary-of-Visit-to-Defkalion .pdf So is Potassium Carbonate used in the Rossi/Defkalion devices? And is powdering nickel sufficiently innovative to be protected by a Rossi patent? Would the Potassium Carbonate/Nickel/Hydrogen combination for energy production be under patent somewhere else or is it in the public domain? Charles
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