by the way, as far as I understood an article on quantum physics, it seems that under relativity, observators of the same reality of quantum field from different referentials, may see photons or electrons, and different numbers of particle
it is an argument to say that un QM+R particles don't exist as first class animals. it is just apparent excitation of a Quantum field.... I don't understand all, but it seems we should be cautious with particles as we are with time, distances, mass, which are relatives. 2013/10/25 Axil Axil <[email protected]> > The following current research supports the theory of String-net liquid > and the equivalence of light and electrons under emergence. > > > In solids, the interactions between electrons and atoms conspire to > produce the material's properties: how well it conducts electricity, how > magnetic it is, and the intersection can determine the magnitude and > polarity of its coulomb charge characteristics. > > Gedik, postdoc Yihua Wang (now at Stanford University), and two other MIT > researchers carried out the experiments using a technique Gedik's lab has > been developing for several years. Their method involves shooting > femtosecond (millionths of a billionth of a second) pulses of mid-infrared > light at a sample of material and observing the results with an electron > spectrometer, a specialized high-speed camera the team developed. > > They demonstrated the existence of a quantum-mechanical mixture of > electrons and photons, known as a Floquet-Bloch state, in a crystalline > solid. As first theorized by Swiss physicist Felix Bloch, electrons move in > a crystal in a regular, repeating pattern dictated by the periodic > structure of the crystal lattice. Photons are electromagnetic waves that > have a distinct, regular frequency; their interaction with matter leads to > Floquet states, named after the French mathematician Gaston Floquet. > "Entangling" electrons with photons in a coherent manner generates the > Floquet-Bloch state, which is periodic both in time and space. > > The researchers mixed the photons from an intense laser pulse with the > exotic surface electrons on a topological insulator. Their high-speed > camera captured snapshots of the exotic state, from its generation to its > rapid disappearance, a process lasting only a few hundred femtoseconds. > They also found there were different kinds of mixed states when the > polarization of the photons changed. > > Their findings suggest that it's possible to alter the electronic > properties of a material—for example, changing it from a conductor to a > semiconductor—just by changing the laser beam's polarization. Normally, to > produce such dramatic changes in a material's properties, "you have to do > something violent to it," Gedik says. "But in this case, it may be possible > to do this just by shining light on it. That actually modifies how > electrons move in this system. And when we do this, the light does not even > get absorbed." > > In other situations, light can modify a material's behavior—but only when > it's absorbed, transferring its energy to the material. In this experiment, > Gedik says, the light's energy is below the absorption threshold. This is > exciting, he says, because it opens up the possibility of switching a > material's behavior back and forth without inducing other effects, such as > heating—which would happen if the light were absorbed. > > It will take some time to assess possible applications, Gedik says. But, > he suggests, this could be a way of engineering materials for specific > functions. "Suppose you want a material to do something—to conduct > electricity, or to be transparent, for example. We usually do this by > chemical means. With this new method, it may be possible to do this by > simply shining light on the materials." > > For example, a property called a bandgap—a crucial characteristic for > materials used in computer chips and solar cells—can be altered by shining > a polarized laser beam at the material, Wang says. "You can directly change > it, open the bandgap, just with light. It means you can change it from a > metal to a semiconductor, for example," he says. > > Gedik says that while this experiment was done using bismuth selenide > crystals, a basic topological insulator, "what we have done is not specific > to topological insulators. It should also be realizable in other materials > as well, such as graphene." >
