The sole distinction between the proton and the neutron is their isospin quantum values. The difference in the charge of the proton and the neutron is a direct fallout of their isospin differences. Therefor there is isospin charge coupling. So charge is a function of isospin. Charge is conserved because isospin is conserved. Charge changes when isospin changes.
The charge of the subatomic particle is a scalar number. Both charge and it associated isospin is independent of spin. When a strong magnetic field is applied to a fermion, if the z component of the isospin aligns with the z component of the magnetically aligned spin, then spin-charge locking occurs. The quantum Hall effect is predicted for a fermion by using the magnetic flux quantization in the presence of a strong magnetic field. For electrons confined in two dimensions, the fractions of charges found in the experimental data on the quantum Hall effect are well predicted by using new spin symmetries. The usage of negative spin and 4 states for spin ½ are characteristic features of this theory. There is spin-charge coupling for the electron. The charge of a particle changes upon changing spin. Here is a easy to understand description of composite Fermions that are produced in a strong magnetic field. THE COMPOSITE FERMION: A QUANTUM PARTICLE AND ITS QUANTUM FLUIDS http://users.phys.psu.edu/~jain/Physics_Today The form of the wave function C provides an insight into why the repulsive interaction between electrons might force vortices on them. The wave function is very effective in keeping the electrons apart. The probability that any two will come within a distance r of each other vanishes like r2(2p+1). Contrast that with the r2 vanishing for a typical state satisfying the Pauli principle. In essence, then, electrons transmute into composite fermions by capturing 2p vortices because that is how they best screen the repulsive Coulomb interaction. The interaction between composite fermions is weak because most of the Coulomb interaction has been screened out—or used up— in making them. Because nuclei, protons, neutrons and quarks are fermions, it is reasonable to suspect that duel magnetic flex vortexes form that affect isospin and its associated subatomic particle charge. Because the atomic nucleus is a layered structure in terms of fermions, so the LENR reactions associated with the application of strong magnetic fields will also be layered and multi-leveled. Furthermore, the non-reactivity of Ni61 might be explained by a incompatibility between its isospin and the orientation of the applied magnetic field where charge spin locking cannot occur. On Fri, Nov 29, 2013 at 12:50 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: >
