A fundamental requirement for the production of cold fusion is atomic irregularity. As Ed Storms has discovered in looking at all those thousands of experiments, Cold fusion occurs when the material that is carrying it is gritty, chunky, bumpy, cracked and rough.
Because of this distinction, cold fusion cannot occur in a pure liquid or a gas. But all materials when subjected to just the right processes will produce nano crystals. This includes water and hydrogen. Yes, the real world is a dusty one and hardly ever pure. When electrons flow over the irregular material, it is analogous to a fast flowing river coursing over a rocky river bed. The rocky obstructions to the flow of water will produce whirlpools and eddy currents. >From mathematics, the technical term for these irregularities is called topological discontinuities. Cold fusion only occurs when topological discontinuities are present in a flow of electrons between a conductor and a dielectric. The flow of electrons must be broken so that they travel in a circle or vortex. This vortex of electrons forms a very small optical cavity that catches light and heat just like a net catches fish in a river. When an experimenter applies an electric current to a metal in water, he is producing water particles and metal particles and rough surfaces on the metal. The material must be at or above a certain temperature because the magnetic nature of the material interferes with the formation of the electron vortex currents. Nickel must be taken above its curie temperature. Palladium is easier to demagnetize and can support electron vortexes in boiling water: however, this is not true for nickel because water keeps nickel below its Curie temperature. Rossi has added some chemical compounds to his gas envelope so that when these compounds are heated, Nano crystals would form to get the lumpiness of his hydrogen envelop up that would enabled lots of vortex currents of electrons to form. Through trial and error but not really knowing why, Piantelli has treated the surface of his nickel bars because these bumps and lumps that he produced in just the right way would disrupt the flow of electrons over the surface of the hot nickel bars. Through the auspices of blind luck, F&P created metal and water nano-dust as an electric current pitted and cracked the surface of palladium electrodes in water. The hydrogen and oxygen boiling off the surface of the electrodes were replete with metal dust and complex crystal structures born from gas. The electron vortexes that form were few and weak but they were enough to show signs of the power that LENR could eventually produce. Ken Shoulders produced metal nano-dust when he fired a spark into a metal surface, and this dust caught the heat of the spark to produce the transmutation of cold fusion. *Celani has treated his nickel-copper alloy (Constantan) wires with acid to produce a pitted surface to disrupt the electron flow of the current he applied. When the copper acid etched pits filled with electrons, heat, and light, the conductance of the rough surfaced wire dropped as superconducting spots formed on the wire surface in all those tiny pits. But the wire needs to be very hot and the current needs to be pulsed sharply.* In all cases and in myriad ways, and optical cavity of electrons must be formed to catch the photons of heat in order for cold fusion to occur. Show me an experiment producing cold fusion and I will show you that an optical cavity chock full of electrons, heat and light is producing cold fusion in that cavity. This complex mixture of electromagnetic forces is truly mysterious and beyond the common sense of just about anybody. Only a few specialists really understand what could possibly be going on inside those tiny nano worlds. Dr. Miley measured the resistance of those cavities and found that the current flow in these cavities were superconductive. Now who would have ever expected that? I strongly suspect that no one in nuclear physics, LENR, or chemistry knows anything about how to use nano-cavities as an engineering tool and what tools that these cavities can provide the system designer in producing a new type of nuclear power. People are universally mystified in how nuclear reactions can happen without the appearance of gamma rays and energetic particles, but when only electrons and photons are the reactive cause, such perplexities are simplified and easily understood. Properly massaged and manipulated photons are the only highway were power from the nucleus can be delivered out of the nucleus and can make its way directly into heat without the mediation of energetic particle production. It is my opinion that until someone really understands well how these nanoscopic cavities work in the production of power, how the light heat and electrons combine together in these tiny knocks and crannies, and how to use them in producing LENR little progress in the design of LENR systems will occur.
