sesuatu yang menggerakkan perekonomian pada segala jaman sejak jaman dinasti tua fir'aun, alexander agung hingga jaman sekarang..
:D On Jun 14, 2010, at 11:22 AM, Ari Condro wrote: > pampasan perang. > > sesuatu yg menggerakkan perokonomian arab jaman keemasan islam. > > On Mon, Jun 14, 2010 at 4:21 PM, Yudi Yuliyadi <y...@geoindo.com> wrote: > > > > > > > Coba baca di sini. Sempat2nya pejabat Pentagon dan Ahli Geologi AS > > mengeksplorasi kekayaan alam Afghanistan di sana: > > http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37677987/ > > Vast mineral deposits found in Afghanistan > > Nearly $1 trillion in untapped resources could fundamentally alter economy > > Tyler Hicks / The New York Times > > > > By James Risen > > updated 10:22 p.m. ET June 13, 2010 > > > > WASHINGTON - The United States has discovered nearly $1 trillion in > > untapped mineral deposits in Afghanistan, far beyond any previously known > > reserves and enough to fundamentally alter the Afghan economy and perhaps > > the Afghan war itself, according to senior American government officials. > > > > The previously unknown deposits — including huge veins of iron, copper, > > cobalt, gold and critical industrial metals like lithium — are so big and > > include so many minerals that are essential to modern industry that > > Afghanistan could eventually be transformed into one of the most important > > mining centers in the world, the United States officials believe. > > > > An internal Pentagon memo, for example, states that Afghanistan could > > become the “Saudi Arabia of lithium,” a key raw material in the manufacture > > of batteries for laptops and Blackberries. > > Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here > > Click Here! > > > > The vast scale of Afghanistan’s mineral wealth was discovered by a small > > team of Pentagon officials and American geologists. The Afghan government > > and President Hamid Karzai were recently briefed, American officials said. > > > > 'Stunning potential' > > While it could take many years to develop a mining industry, the potential > > is so great that officials and executives in the industry believe it could > > attract heavy investment even before mines are profitable, providing the > > possibility of jobs that could distract from generations of war. > > > > “There is stunning potential here,” Gen. David H. Petraeus, commander of > > the United States Central Command, said in an interview on Saturday. “There > > are a lot of ifs, of course, but I think potentially it is hugely > > significant.” > > > > The value of the newly discovered mineral deposits dwarfs the size of > > Afghanistan’s existing war-bedraggled economy, which is based largely on > > opium production and narcotics trafficking as well as aid from the United > > States and other industrialized countries. Afghanistan’s gross domestic > > product is only about $12 billion. > > > > “This will become the backbone of the Afghan economy,” said Jalil Jumriany, > > an adviser to the Afghan minister of mines. > > > > American and Afghan officials agreed to discuss the mineral discoveries at > > a difficult moment in the war in Afghanistan. The American-led offensive in > > Marja in southern Afghanistan has achieved only limited gains. Meanwhile, > > charges of corruption and favoritism continue to plague the Karzai > > government, and Mr. Karzai seems increasingly embittered toward the White > > House. > > > > So the Obama administration is hungry for some positive news to come out of > > Afghanistan. Yet the American officials also recognize that the mineral > > discoveries will almost certainly have a double-edged impact. > > > > Corruption > > Instead of bringing peace, the newfound mineral wealth could lead the > > Taliban to battle even more fiercely to regain control of the country. > > > > The corruption that is already rampant in the Karzai government could also > > be amplified by the new wealth, particularly if a handful of well-connected > > oligarchs, some with personal ties to the president, gain control of the > > resources. Just last year, Afghanistan’s minister of mines was accused by > > American officials of accepting a $30 million bribe to award China the > > rights to develop its copper mine. The minister has since been replaced. > > > > Endless fights could erupt between the central government in Kabul and > > provincial and tribal leaders in mineral-rich districts. Afghanistan has a > > national mining law, written with the help of advisers from the World Bank, > > but it has never faced a serious challenge. > > > > “No one has tested that law; no one knows how it will stand up in a fight > > between the central government and the provinces,” observed Paul A. > > Brinkley, undersecretary of defense and leader of the Pentagon team that > > discovered the deposits. > > > > At the same time, American officials fear resource-hungry China will try to > > dominate the development of Afghanistan’s mineral wealth, which could upset > > the United States, given its heavy investment in the region. After winning > > the bid for its Aynak copper mine in Logar Province, China clearly wants > > more, American officials said. > > > > Another complication is that because Afghanistan has never had much heavy > > industry before, it has little or no history of environmental protection > > either. “The big question is, can this be developed in a responsible way, in > > a way that is environmentally and socially responsible?” Mr. Brinkley said. > > “No one knows how this will work.” > > > > With virtually no mining industry or infrastructure in place today, it will > > take decades for Afghanistan to exploit its mineral wealth fully. “This is a > > country that has no mining culture,” said Jack Medlin, a geologist in the > > United States Geological Survey’s international affairs program. “They’ve > > had some small artisanal mines, but now there could be some very, very large > > mines that will require more than just a gold pan.” > > > > The mineral deposits are scattered throughout the country, including in the > > southern and eastern regions along the border with Pakistan that have had > > some of the most intense combat in the American-led war against the Taliban > > insurgency. > > > > === > > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > > > > > > > -- > salam, > Ari > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
