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Because of several recent landmark legal decisions, ice rinks with ammonia
systems will likely be denied any liability 
coverage for any damage, injury, or death resulting from an ammonia leak
regardless of cause. Basically, these new court 
rulings in favor of insurance providers mean those who own, operate, sell,
or have stamped drawings as professional 
architects and engineers now do not have insurance coverage for claims
resulting from an ammonia incident with most 
standard liability or errors and omissions insurance. More information and
actual case-law summaries, scroll down.

Who Is Affected By This Ruling Against Ammonia Leaks As A Non-Covered
Insurance Claim?

Imagine an NHL arena with 16,000 fans having an unusual ammonia leak
resulting in evacuation, potential injury, or even 
death and not having any insurance company to ward off the legal bills and
medical claims. Imagine a community 
recreational rink with several hundred people public skating with a
similar event. Even if not one person were severely 
injured other than the need for oxygen or examination, their residual
physiological or psychological claims would hit our 
industry without any insurance coverage. Without coverage, such a claim
could severely impact the deepest pockets of 
an entity like the NHL. The thought of being so exposed from a liability
viewpoint is unthinkable. However, because of 
some recent events in the legal system, those with ammonia based
refrigeration systems and typical liability insurance 
policies now face this very situation. 

Based upon the precedence tested at State Supreme court levels, few
businesses operating in or for the ice-rink industry 
with ammonia refrigeration systems are covered. If, after reading this
information, you are still an unbeliever, contact your 
insurance provider and ask for written confirmation of coverage. We wish
these acts were not true as they could have an 
affect on many operators. After the call, you will become a believer fast
and see why this is such a critical alert for the ice-
rink industry.

On January 20, 1999, in Ducote v. Koch Pipeline, No. 98-CC-0942, a
majority of the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled that 
when an insurance policy contains an "absolute pollution exclusion", "The
plain language of the insurance contract 
precludes coverage for bodily injury or property damage arising from a
polluting discharge...regardless of whether the 
release was intentional or accidental, a one time event or part of an
on-going pattern of pollution." 

To run any business without liability insurance would be considered
economic suicide. For those who have installed or own 
ammonia-based systems you are naked from an insurance standpoint unless
you immediately purchase a �Pollution And 
Remediation Legal Liability (PARLL) policy. The frightening detail is that
insurance providers say the PARLL policy will be 
extremely expensive if one can even obtain such a policy. The writer
contacted representatives from K&K Insurance, Rice 
Specialty Insurance, and Richardson Insurance who all confirmed these new
rulings to be an issue for those at risk with a 
hazardous material incident such as an ammonia leak. 

What Changed With Ammonia Specifically And Why?

With environmental claims providing probably the greatest ongoing exposure
for any one type of claim in the history of the 
industry, it�s clear why insureds and insurers have employed every
conceivable argument in their coverage interpretation 
battles. Billions (some say a trillion) are at stake, with the coverage
results sometimes turning on how many justices prefer 
one dictionary definition over another. To stave off future litigation, in
the mid `80�s, insurers removed the qualified pollution 
exclusion  from CGL policies and crafted a new �absolute pollution
exclusion.� While the intended purpose of the new 
exclusion was to minimize litigation of pollution-related claims, the
absolute pollution exclusion is now the most litigated 
coverage issue. With the above noted case going to the supreme court
level, with the ruling resulting in ammonia leaks not 
being covered, along with several other states equally ruling, it appears
the debate over �Ammonia Emitted From A 
Refrigeration System� is over. Those of us in the ice-rink industry who
have an ammonia system must reside themselves to 
the fact that any future claim will likely be denied meaning they have no
insurance to protect them from one of the most 
high risk systems in their complex. 

Quoting one insurance provider who specializes in the ice-rink industry:

�This is a major issue. The insurance industry has changed 
dramatically since the 9-11 event. In the past, insurance 
companies may have settled small claims that they are simply 
unwilling to settle voluntarily today. No serious ice-rink claim has 
yet tested the insurance industry since the 9-11 tragedy. Given the 
recent case law that specifically excludes coverage for �Ammonia 
Emitted From A Refrigeration System,� we as brokers cannot 
represent coverage under current General Liability Policies.  We 
also are concerned if the special insurance can be obtained at all, 
and if so, it could double insurance rates for ice rinks.�


So, Who Is At Risk?

Literally anyone associated, past or present, with an operating ammonia
refrigeration system! Some may say an ammonia 
refrigeration system is safe if properly installed in accordance with all
code requirements. This insurance alert is not meant 
to open the debate on ammonia safety or risk. We all believe automobiles
are considered very safe today, but who would 
own and drive one without having adequate insurance? No one! 


Why Ammonia? Ammonia is classified as a highly toxic and highly hazardous
by both the EPA and OSHA. It is regulated 
under the Hazardous Chemical Reporting Law for any complex over 100 lbs
which all ice rinks fall under. See the EPA 
Ammonia Alert at the end of this document for all the rigid requirements
of legal ammonia use. Ammonia and the extreme 
governmental classifications and legal statutes governing its use provided
an ample arsenal for the insurance providers to 
argue pollution exclusion with. For the legal cases to be argued all the
way to the state (the supreme court in some cases) 
regarding ammonia claims, the fact of any ammonia claim being excluded has
been tested. To date, three major cases 
have been argued. With each win for the insurer, the likelihood of
policyholders for future claims becomes increasingly 
dismal. Based upon the recent events, it is the opinion of top insurance
experts that most claims for injury or damage from 
ammonia will be denied. 

This means if a worker, skater, patron, or community member is killed,
hurt, or makes claims of long lasting medical illness, 
the chance of having the insurance company fight any claim legally, much
less payout on a claim, will not occur based on 
standard general liability policies. Even if a claim is without any merit
by a disgruntled employee who simply smells ammonia 
typical of some ammonia mechanical rooms, all expert fees and legal costs
will come out of the pockets of the defendants. 
Even the simple legal defense of a claim without merit could cost in
upwards of hundreds of thousands of dollars 
depending upon the case's complexity. And, this is if you win the  case on
your ammonia claim. For claims, which are 
covered, the insurance provider assumes the  legal cost of defense. Now
with no insurance, only you will pay. Boiler and 
equipment policies also do not normally provide protection under this
ruling for an ammonia leak. Only a special pollution 
policy would provide the protection, which all ammonia owners thought they
had in the past with general liability policies. 
Those at risk include but may not be limited to the following: 

A)  Any architect/engineer to a project, as the professional of record,
since they, too, have no coverage for claims under 
these new rulings. Errors & Omissions insurance policies typically mirror
the same exclusions as general liability policies for 
commercial businesses. Even if a professional is able to obtain a
pollution policy now, which is questionable, they are still 
responsible without coverage for all ammonia systems installed prior to
having such a policy instated. Professional 
designers when told about this new case law offered extreme skepticism
whether they would specify ammonia systems any 
longer.

B)      Ice rink owners and operators with ammonia systems. Not only do they
not have insurance coverage, their 
installing contractor, architect/engineer, or even service provider also
likely will not have coverage they can rely upon.

C)      All contractors and service providers who either installed or support
ammonia systems.

D)      Any financing institution, which provides funding for the ice arena,
past or future. One accident and claim could 
result in collapse of the business without
insurance coverage.

E)       All persons living in a community where an ammonia system is installed
and considered in the risk area as 
defined by the EPCRA (Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know) zone
according to law since they have no 
protection with claims without an insurance provider to assure payout on
claims.

F)      Local planning and zoning boards since they could be at risk for
permitting ammonia systems should an incident 
occur where no insurance is provided to protect it citizens. In such a
situation it would not be reaching in today�s society 
for claims to be made against the planning board for permitting such
systems.

G)      Any insurance broker writing policies for ice rinks that does not
clearly disclose the exclusion of ammonia-based 
systems being covered.


Other Topics & Information In The Report Include:

1)      Now That You Know You May Not Have Insurance, How At Risk Are You?
2)      What Can Cause An Incident With Ammonia Systems?
3)      A New Leak Risk - Ammonia Theft May Cause Releases And Injuries
4)      What About Contractors Installing And Promoting Ammonia Systems?
5)      How Does This Case Law Precedence With Ammonia Refrigeration Systems
Affect Financial Relationships?
6)      Is Disclosure Of Insurance Gap A Requirement?
7)      What Is a "Pollutant" As Defined By Your Insurance Policy?
8)      Pollutants As Available & Defined Through The International Risk
Management Institute
9)      What About An Ice Rink Ammonia Leak From Corrosion?
10)     Impact With Protection From Ice Rink Indoor Air Quality Claims
11)     Sample Claim Scenario With PARLL
12)     Ammonia Gas Release Coverage Provided Only Because Of PARLL (Pollution
and Remediation Legal Liability)
13)     If Special Insurance Can By Bought And How Much Will It Cost?
14)     What About Other Refrigerant Leaks Other Than Ammonia?
15)     LINKS WITH MORE INFORMATION ABOUT AMMONIA INCIDENTS AND HOW THE
INSURANCE 
INDUSTRY TREND IS GOING
16)     Pollution Exclusion Enforced by Louisiana Supreme Court
17)     Numerous Case Law Summaries
18)     Hazardous Material Alert From The EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) and OHSA.


The referenced report was assembled by John Burley. It contents are the
result of an investigation of legal cases along 
with the consultation of experts within the insurance field.  This report
is not to be interpreted or substituted for appropriate 
legal or insurance advice. You should consult with trained professionals
who are engaged in your specific legal or 
insurance matters for conclusions or actions relevant to your businesses
best interests.  If you have any question or want 
clarification of the facts contained within this document, we urge you to
contact your lawyer and insurance provider. Get 
confirmation in writing now to avoid risk later from your insurance
provider. John Burley is president of Burley's Rink Supply 
and has been engaged in the ice-rink industry for over 20 years and is a
leading authority regarding ice-rink design, 
construction, and operations. John Burley can be reached at
1-800-428-7539. A complete copy of the FREE report can be 
requested in PDF format by replying with the word �REPORT� in the subject
line.


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