The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on the front of the
neck. Your thyroid lies below your Adam’s apple, along the front of the
windpipe. The thyroid has two side lobes, connected by a bridge (isthmus) in
the middle. When the thyroid is its normal size, you can’t feel it.
Brownish-red in color, the thyroid is rich with blood vessels. Nerves
important for voice quality also pass through the thyroid.
The thyroid secretes several hormones, collectively called thyroid
hormones. The main hormone is thyroxine, also called T4. Thyroid hormones act
throughout the body, influencing metabolism, growth and development, and body
temperature. During infancy and childhood, adequate thyroid hormone is crucial
for brain development.
Thyroid Conditions
a.. Goiter: A general term for thyroid swelling. Goiters can be
harmless, or can represent iodine deficiency or a condition associated with
thyroid inflammation called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
b.. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid, usually from a viral
infection or autoimmune condition. Thyroiditis can be painful, or have no
symptoms at all.
c.. Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone production.
Hyperthyroidism is most often caused by Graves disease or an overactive thyroid
nodule.
d.. Hypothyroidism: Low production of thyroid hormone. Thyroid damage
caused by autoimmune disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism .
e.. Graves disease: An autoimmune condition in which the thyroid is
overstimulated, causing hyperthyroidism.
f.. Thyroid cancer: An uncommon form of cancer, thyroid cancer is
usually curable. Surgery, radiation, and hormone treatments may be used to
treat thyroid cancer.
g.. Thyroid nodule: A small abnormal mass or lump in the thyroid gland.
Thyroid nodules are extremely common. Few are cancerous. They may secrete
excess hormones, causing hyperthyroidism, or cause no problems.
h.. Thyroid storm: A rare form of hyperthyroidism in which extremely
high thyroid hormone levels cause severe illness.
Thyroid Tests
a.. Anti-TPO antibodies: In autoimmune thyroid disease, proteins
mistakenly attack the thyroid peroxidase enzyme, which is used by the thyroid
to make thyroid hormones.
b.. Thyroid ultrasound: A probe is placed on the skin of the neck, and
reflected sound waves can detect abnormal areas of thyroid tissue.
c.. Thyroid scan: A small amount of radioactive iodine is given by
mouth to get images of the thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine is concentrated
within the thyroid gland.
d.. Thyroid biopsy: A small amount of thyroid tissue is removed,
usually to look for thyroid cancer. Thyroid biopsy is typically done with a
needle.
e.. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): Secreted by the brain, TSH
regulates thyroid hormone release. A blood test with high TSH indicates low
levels of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) , and low TSH suggests
hyperthyroidism.
f.. T3 and T4 (thyroxine): The primary forms of thyroid hormone,
checked with a blood test.
g.. Thyroglobulins: A substance secreted by the thyroid that can be
used as a marker of thyroid cancer. It is often measured during follow-up in
patients with thyroid cancer. High levels indicate recurrence of the cancer.
h.. Other imaging tests: If thyroid cancer has spread (metastasized) ,
tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans can help identify the extent of
spread.
Thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy) : A surgeon removes all or part of the
thyroid in an operation. Thyroidectomy is performed for thyroid cancer or
hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid medications: Drugs can slow down the
overproduction of thyroid hormone in hyperthyroidism. Two common antithyroid
medicines are methimazole and propylthiouracil. Radioactive iodine: Iodine
with radioactivity that can be used in low doses to test the thyroid gland or
destroy an overactive gland.. Large doses can be used to destroy cancerous
tissue. External radiation: A beam of radiation is directed at the thyroid,
on multiple appointments. The high-energy rays help kill thyroid cancer cells.
Thyroid hormone pills: Daily treatment that replaces the amount of thyroid
hormone you can no longer make. Thyroid hormone pills treat hypothyroidism, and
are also used to help prevent thyroid cancer from coming back after treatment.
Recombinant human TSH: Injecting this thyroid-stimulating agent can make
thyroid cancer show up more clearly on imaging
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CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED
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