there are a large number of different kinds of cards .... however the most prevalent smartcards (in terms of numbers deployed) are the institutional smartcards that tend to include stored-value of various kinds that are supported at various kinds of merchant &/or transient terminals (i.e. subway turnstyles). the transient tend to be proximity/contactless (aka iso14443) rather than contact (aka iso7816).

these infrastructures use secret keys .... especially derived secret keys ... that are designed to protect the infrastructure from various kinds of attacks by others (including the people that posses the card) ... typically fraudulent value substitution on the card.
--
Anne & Lynn Wheeler http://www.garlic.com/~lynn/
Internet trivia 20th anv http://www.garlic.com/~lynn/rfcietff.htm



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