-Caveat Lector-

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Universe accelerating outwards
By Michael Field in Auckland
16dec02

A POWERFUL new telescope instrument at the South Pole has provided fresh evidence that
the universe is accelerating outwards and is dominated by a strange form of matter 
nobody
knows anything about, a new scientific study will reveal.

Cosmologists, working in temperatures plunging below minus 73 degrees Celsius have
detected subtle temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation to produce the most detailed images of the early universe ever recorded.

CMB is the remnant radiation that escaped from the rapidly cooling universe about 
400,000
years after the Big Bang.

The instrument, known as an Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR), is
part of the solar observatory at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

In a press statement, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) said this provides data 
to
support the currently favoured model of the universe "in which 30 per cent of all 
energy is a
strange form of dark matter that doesn't interact with light and 65 per cent is in an 
even
stranger form of dark energy that appears to be causing the expansion of the universe 
to
accelerate".

"Only the remaining five per cent of the energy in the universe takes the form of 
familiar
matter like that which makes up planets and stars."

The new images produced by ACBAR also reveal the "seeds" that grew to form the largest
structures seen in the universe today.

The South Pole data coincides with data produced by a Cosmic Background Investigator
(CBI) based on a mountaintop in Chile that uses different instruments, observing 
strategies,
analysis techniques, and sources of foreground emission.

"It is amazing how precisely our theories can explain the behaviour of the universe 
when
we know so little about the dark matter and dark energy that comprise 95 per cent of 
it,"
ACBAR co-principal investigator William Holzapfel of the University of California at 
Berkeley
said in the statement.

The dark energy inferred from the ACBAR observations may be responsible for the
accelerating expansion of the universe.

"It is compelling that we find, in the ancient history of the universe, evidence for 
the same
dark energy that supernova observations find more recently," said Jeffrey Peterson of
Carnegie Mellon University.

The devise is an array of 16 detectors that create images of the sky in 
three-millimetre
wavelength bands near the peak in the brightness of the CMB.

ACBAR has just completed its second season of observations at the South Pole.

Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is ideally suited for astronomy, especially 
observations
of the CMB, due to the lack of water vapour in the thin atmosphere above the station, 
which
is located at an altitude of about 3000 meters atop the Antarctic ice sheet.

"Our atmosphere may be essential to life on Earth," said co-investigator John Ruhl, 
"but
we'd love to get rid of it. For our observations, the South Pole is as close as you 
can get to
space while having your feet planted firmly on the ground."

The Antarctic Sun newspaper of the US base at McMurdo Sound reports in its latest issue
that a new 16 million dollar telescope to be installed at the South Pole will solve 
the issue of
what the dark matter is made up of.

"With that information we can really solve for how the universe evolved," said John
Carlstrom, a leading astrophysicist on both the planned and existing South Pole 
telescopes.

At 8m in diameter, the unique new telescope will dwarf other telescopes and many
structures at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.


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