[CTRL] Mind Control by H. Martin and D.Caul

[Nicky Molloy]

Mind Control

http://www.freeamerica.com/GovernmentCtrl/govctrl6.html

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul



Copyright FreeAmerica and Harry V. Martin, 1995




There was just a small news announcement on the radio in early July after a
short heat wave, three inmates of Vacaville Medical Facility had died in
non-air conditioned cells. Two of those prisoners, the announcement said,
may have died as a result of medical treatment. No media inquiries were
made, no major news stories developed because of these deaths.
But what was the medical treatment that may have caused their deaths? The
Medical Facility indicates they were mind control or behavior modification
treatments. A deeper probe into the death of these two inmates unravels a
mind-boggling tale of horror that has been part of California penal history
for a long time, and one that caused national outcries two decades ago.

Mind control experiments have been part of California for decades and
permeate mental institutions and prisons. But, it is not just in the penal
society that mind control measures have been used. Minority children were
subjected to experimentation at abandoned Nike Missile Sites, veterans who
fought for American freedom were also subjected to the programs. Funding and
experimentations of mind control have been part of the U.S. Health,
Education and Welfare Department, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the
Central Intelligence Agency through the Phoenix Program, the Stanford
Research Institute, the Agency for International Development, the Department
of Defense, the Department of Labor, the National Institute of Mental
Health, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, and the National
Science Foundation.

California has been in the forefront of mind control experimentation.
Government experiments also were conducted in the Haight-Ashbury District in
San Francisco at the height of the Hippy reign. In 1974, Senator Sam Erwin,
of Watergate fame, headed a U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional
Rights studying the subject of "Individual rights and the Federal role in
behavior modification." Though little publicity was given to this
committee's investigation, Senator Erwin issued a strong condemnation of the
federal role in mind control. That condemnation, however, did not halt mind
control experiments, they just received more circuitous funding.

Many of the case histories concerning individuals of whom the mind control
experiments were used, show a strange concept in the minds of those seeking
guinea pigs. Those subject to the mind control experiments would be given
indefinite sentences, his freedom was dependent upon how well the experiment
went. One individual, for example, was arrested for joyriding, given a
two-year sentence and held for mind control experiments. He was held for 18
years.

Here are just a few experiments used in the mind control program:

A naked inmate is strapped down on a board. His wrists and ankles are cuffed
to the board and his head is rigidly held in place by a strap around his
neck and a helmet on his head. He is left in a darkened cell, unable to
remove his body wastes. When a meal is delivered, one wrist is unlocked so
he could feel around in the dark for his food and attempt to pour liquid
down his throat without being able to lift his head.
Another experiment creates a muscle relaxant. Within 30 to 40 seconds
paralysis begins to invade the small muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes
and then the inter costal muscles and diaphragm. The heart slows down to
about 60 beats per minute. This condition, together with respiratory
arrests, sets in for as long as two to five minutes before the drug begins
to wear off. The individual remains fully conscious and is gasping for
breath. It is "likened to dying, it is almost like drowning" the experiment
states.
Another drug induces vomiting and was administered to prisoners who didn't
get up on time or caught swearing or lying, or even not greeting their
guards formally. The treatment brings about uncontrolled vomiting that lasts
from 15 minutes to an hour, accompanied by a temporary cardio vascular
effect involving changes in the blood pressure.
Another deals with creating body rigidness, aching restlessness, blurred
vision, severe muscular pain, trembling and fogged cognition.
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the U.S. Army have
admitted mind control experiments. Many deaths have occurred.

In tracing the steps of government mind control experiments, the trail leads
to legal and illegal usages, usage for covert intelligence operations, and
experiments on innocent people who were unaware that they were being used.

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Second in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

EDITOR'S NOTE: The Sentinel commenced a series on mind control in early
August and suspended it until September because of the extensive research
required after additional information was received.
In July, two inmates died at the Vacaville Medical Facility. According to
prison officials at the time, the two may have died as a result of medical
treatment, that treatment was the use of mind control or behavior
modification drugs. A deeper study into the deaths of the two inmates has
unraveled a mind-boggling tale of horror that has been part of California
penal history for a long time, and one that caused national outcries years
ago.

In the August article, the Sentinel presented a graphic portrait of some of
the mind control experiments that have been allowed to continue in the
United States. On November 1974 a U.S. Senate Sub committee on
Constitutional Rights investigated federally-funded behavior modification
programs, with emphasis on federal involvement in, and the possible threat
to individual constitutional rights of behavior modification, especially
involving inmates in prisons and mental institutions.

The Senate committee was appalled after reviewing documents from the
following sources:

Neuro-Research Foundation's study entitled The Medical Epidemiology of
Criminals.
The Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence from UCLA.
The closed adolescent treatment center.
A national uproar was created by various articles in 1974, which prompted
the Senate investigation. But after all these years, the news that two
inmates at Vacaville may have died from these same experiments indicates
that though a nation was shocked in 1974, little was done to correct the
experimentations. In 1977, a Senate subcommittee on Health and Scientific
Research, chaired by Senator Ted Kennedy, focussed on the CIA's testing of
LSD on unwitting citizens. Only a mere handful of people within the CIA knew
about the scope and details of the program.

To understand the full scope of the problem, it is important to study its
origins. The Kennedy subcommittee learned about the CIA Operation M.K.-Ultra
through the testimony of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. The purpose of the program,
accord ing to his testimony, was to "investigate whether and how it was
possible to modify an individual's behavior by covert means". Claiming the
protection of the National Security Act, Dr. Gottlieb was unwilling to tell
the Senate subcommittee what had been learned or gained by these
experiments.

He did state, however, that the program was initially engendered by a
concern that the Soviets and other enemies of the United States would get
ahead of the U.S. in this field. Through the Freedom of Information Act,
researchers are now able to obtain documents detailing the M.K.-Ultra
program and other CIA behavior modification projects in a special reading
room located on the bottom floor of the Hyatt Regency in Rosslyn, VA.

The most daring phase of the M.K.-Ultra program involved slipping unwitting
American citizens LSD in real life situations. The idea for the series of
experiments originated in November 1941, when William Donovan, founder and
director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the
CIA during World War Two. At that time the intelligence agency invested
$5000 for the "truth drug" program. Experiments with scopolamine and
morphine proved both unfruitful and very dangerous. The program tested
scores of other drugs, including mescaline, barbituates, benzedrine,
cannabis indica, to name a few.

The U.S. was highly concerned over the heavy losses of freighters and other
ships in the North Atlantic, all victims of German U-boats. Information
about German U-boat strategy was desperately needed and it was believed that
the information could be obtained through drug-influenced interrogations of
German naval P.O.W.s, in violation of the Geneva Accords.

Tetrahydrocannabinol acetate, a colorless, odorless marijuana extract, was
used to lace a cigarette or food substance without detection. Initially, the
experiments were done on volunteer U.S. Army and OSS personnel, and testing
was also disguised as a remedy for shell shock. The volunteers became known
as "Donovan's Dreamers". The experiments were so hush-hush, that only a few
top officials knew about them. President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the
experiments. The "truth drug" achieved mixed success.

The experiments were halted when a memo was written: "The drug defies all
but the most expert and search analysis, and for all practical purposes can
be considered beyond analysis." The OSS did not, however, halt the program.
In 1943 field tests of the extract were being con ducted, despite the order
to halt them. The most celebrated test was conducted by Captain George
Hunter White, an OSS agent and ex-law enforcement official, on August Del
Grazio, aka Augie Dallas, aka Dell, aka Little Augie, a New York gangster.
Cigarettes laced with the acetate were offered to Augie without his
knowledge of the content. Augie, who had served time in prison for assault
and murder, had been one of the world's most notorious drug dealers and
smugglers. He operated an opium alkaloid factory in Turkey and he was a
leader in the Italian underworld on the Lower East Side of New York. Under
the influence of the drug, Augie revealed volumes of information about the
under world operations, including the names of high ranking officials who
took bribes from the mob. These experiments led to the encouragement of
Donovan. A new memo was issued: "Cigarette experiments indicated that we had
a mechanism which offered promise in relaxing prisoners to be interrogated."

When the OSS was disbanded after the war, Captain White continued to
administer behavior modifying drugs. In 1947, the CIA replaced the OSS.
White's service record indicates that he worked with the OSS, and by 1954 he
was a high ranking Federal Narcotics Bureau officer who had been loaned to
the CIA on a part-time basis.

White rented an apartment in Greenwich Village equipped with one-way
mirrors, surveillance gadgets and disguised himself as a seaman. White
drugged his acquaintances with LSD and brought them back to his apartment.
In 1955, the operation shifted to San Francisco. In San Francisco,
"safehouses" were established under the code name Operation Midnight Climax.
Midnight Climax hired prostitute addicts who lured men from bars back to the
safehouses after their drinks had been spiked with LSD. White filmed the
events in the safehouses. The purpose of these "national security brothels"
was to enable the CIA to experiment with the act of lovemaking for
extracting information from men. The safehouse experiments continued until
1963 until CIA Inspector General John Earman criticized Richard Helms, the
director of the CIA and father of the M.K.-Ultra project. Earman charged the
new director John McCone had not been fully briefed on the M.K.-Ultra
Project when he took office and that "the concepts involved in manipulating
human behavior are found by many people within and outside the Agency to be
distasteful and unethical." He stated that "the rights and interest of U.S.
citizens are placed in jeopardy". The Inspector General stated that LSD had
been tested on individuals at all social levels, high and low, native
American and foreign."

Earman's criticisms were rebuffed by Helms, who warned, "Positive operation
capacity to use drugs is diminishing owing to a lack of realistic testing.
Tests were necessary to keep up with the Soviets." But in 1964, Helms had
testified before the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of
President John Kennedy, that "Soviet research has consistently lagged five
years behind Western research".

Upon leaving government service in 1966, Captain White wrote a startling
letter to his superior. In the letter to Dr. Gottlieb, Captain White
reminisced about his work in the safehouses with LSD. His comments were
frightening. "I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I
toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun," White
wrote. "Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal,
rape and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the all-highest?"

(NEXT: How the drug experiments helped bring about the rebirth of the mafia
and the French Connection.)

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Part Three in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Though the CIA continued to maintain drug experiments in the streets of
America after the program was official cancelled, the United States reaped
tremendous value from it. With George Hunter Whites connection to underworld
figure Little Augie, connections were made with Mafia king-pin Lucky
Luciano, who was in Dannemore Prison.

Luciano wanted freedom, the Mafia wanted drugs, and the United States wanted
Sicily. The date was 1943. Augie was the go-between between Luciano and the
United States War Department.

Luciano was transferred to a less harsh prison and began to be visited by
representatives of the Office of Naval Intelligence and from underworld
figures, such as Meyer Lansky. A strange alliance was formed between the
U.S. Intelligence agencies and the Mafia, who controlled the West Side docks
in New York. Luciano regained active leadership in organized crime in
America.

The U.S. Intelligence community utilized Luciano's underworld connections in
Italy. In July of 1943, Allied forces launched their invasion of Sicily, the
beginning push into occupied Europe. General George Patton's Seventh Army
advanced through hundreds of miles of territory that was fraught with
difficulty, booby trapped roads, snipers, confusing mountain topography, all
within close range of 60,000 hostile Italian troops. All this was
accomplished in four days, a military "miracle" even for Patton.

Senate Estes Kefauver's Senate Sub committee on Organized Crime asked, in
1951, how all this was possible. The answer was that the Mafia had helped to
protect roads from Italian snipers, served as guides through treacherous
mountain terrain, and provided needed intelligence to Patton's army. The
part of Sicily which Patton's forces traversed had at one time been
completely controlled by the Sicilian Mafia, until Benito Mussolini smashed
it through the use of police repression.

Just prior to the invasion, it was hardly even able to continue shaking down
farmers and shepherds for protection money. But the invasion changed all
this, and the Mafia went on to play a very prominent and well-documented
role in the American military occupation of Italy.

The expedience of war opened the doors to American drug traffic and Mafia
domination. This was the beginning of the Mafia-U.S. Intelligence alliance,
an alliance that lasts to this day and helped to support the covert
operations of the CIA, such as the Iran-Contra operations. In these covert
operations, the CIA would obtain drugs from South America and Southeast
Asia, sell them to the Mafia and use the money for the covert purchase of
military equipment. These operations accelerated when Congress cut off
military funding for the Contras.

One of the Allies top occupation priorities was to liberate as many of their
own soldiers from garrison duties so that they could participate in the
military offensive. In order to accomplish this, Don Calogero's Mafia were
pressed into service, and in July of 1943, the Civil Affairs Control Office
of the U.S. Army appointed him mayor of Villalba and other Mafia officials
as mayors of other towns in Sicily.

As the northern Italian offensive continued, Allied intelligence became very
concerned over the extent to which the Italian Communists resistance to
Mussolini had driven Italian politics to the left. Community Party
membership had doubled between 1943 and 1944, huge leftist strikes had shut
down factories and the Italian underground fighting Mussolini had risen to
almost 150,000 men. By mid-1944, the situation came to a head and the U.S.
Army terminated arms drops to the Italian Resistance, and started appointing
Mafia officials to occupation administration posts. Mafia groups broke up
leftists rallies and reactivated black market operations throughout southern
Italy.

Lucky Luciano was released from prison in 1946 and deported to Italy, where
he rebuilt the heroin trade. The court's decision to release him was made
possible by the testimony of intelligence agents at his hearing, and a
letter written by a naval officer reciting what Luciano had done for the
Navy. Luciano was supposed to have served from 30 to 50 years in prison.
Over 100 Mafia members were similarly deported within a couple of years.

Luciano set up a syndicate which transported morphine base from the Middle
East to Europe, refined it into heroin, and then shipped it into the United
States via Cuba. During the 1950's, Marseilles, in Southern France, became a
major city for the heroin labs and the Corsican syndicate began to actively
cooperate with the Mafia in the heroin trade. Those became popularly known
as the French Connection.

In 1948, Captain White visited Luciano and his narcotics associate Nick
Gentile in Europe. Gentile was a former American gangster who had worked for
the Allied Military Government in Sicily. By this time, the CIA was already
subsidizing Corsican and Italian gangsters to oust Communist unions from the
Port of Marseilles. American strategic planners saw Italy and southern
France as extremely important for their Naval bases as a counterbalance to
the growing naval forces of the Soviet Union. CIO/AFL organizer Irving Brown
testified that by the time the CIA subsidies were terminated in 1953, U.S.
support was no longer needed because the profits from the heroin traffic was
sufficient to sustain operations.

When Luciano was originally jailed, the U.S. felt it had eliminated the
world's most effective underworld leader and the activities of the Mafia
were seriously damaged. Mussolini had been waging a war since 1924 to rid
the world of the Sicilian Mafia. Thousands of Mafia members were convicted
of crimes and forced to leave the cities and hide out in the mountains.

Mussolini's reign of terror had virtually eradicated the international drug
syndicates. Combined with the shipping surveillance during the war years,
heroin trafficking had become almost nil. Drug use in the United States,
before Luciano's release from prison, was on the verge of being entirely
wiped out.

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Part Four in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

The U.S. government has conducted three types of mind-control experiments:

Real life experiences, such as those used on Little Augie and the LSD
experiments in the safehouses of San Francisco and Greenwich Village.
Experiments on prisoners, such as in the California Medical Facility at
Vacaville.
Experiments conducted in both mental hospitals and the Veterans
Administration hospitals.
Such experimentation requires money, and the United States government has
funnelled funds for drug experiments through different agencies, both
overtly and covertly.

One of the funding agencies to contribute to the experimentation is the Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), a unit of the U.S. Justice
Department and one of President Richard Nixon's favorite pet agencies. The
Nixon Administration was, at one time, putting together a program for
detaining youngsters who showed a tendency toward violence in
"concentration" camps. According to the Washington Post, the plan was
authored by Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker. Health, Education and Welfare Secretary
Robert Finch was told by John Erlichman, Chief of Staff for the Nixon White
House, to implement the program. He proposed the screening of children of
six years of age for tendencies toward criminality. Those who failed these
tests were to be destined to be sent to the camps. The program was never
implemented.

LEAA came into existence in 1968 with a huge budget to assist various U.S.
law enforcement agencies. Its effectiveness, however, was not considered too
great. After spending $6 billion, the F.B.I. reports general crime rose 31
percent and violent crime rose 50 percent. But little accountability was
required of LEAA on how it spent its funds.

LEAA's role in the behavior modification research began at a meeting held in
1970 in Colorado Springs. Attending that meeting were Richard Nixon,
Attorney General John Mitchell, John Erlichman, H.R. Haldemann and other
White House staffers. They met with Dr. Bertram Brown, director fo the
National Institute of Mental Health, and forged a close collaboration
between LEAA and the Institute. LEAA was a product of the Justice Department
and the Institute was a product of HEW.

LEAA funded 350 projects involving medical procedures, behavior modification
and drugs for delinquency control. Money from the Criminal Justice System
was being used to fund mental health projects and vice versa. Eventually,
the leadership responsibility and control of the Institute began to
deteriorate and their scientists began to answer to LEAA alone.

The National Institute of Mental Health went on to become one of the
greatest supporters of behavior modification research. Throughout the
1960's, court calenders became blighted with lawsuits on the part of "human
guinea pigs" who had been experimented upon in prisons and mental
institutions. It was these lawsuits which triggered the Senate Subcommittee
on Constitutional Rights investigation, headed by Senator Sam Erwin. The
subcommittee's harrowing report was virtually ignored by the news media.

Thirteen behavior modification programs were conducted by the Department of
Defense. The Department of Labor had also conducted several experiments, as
well as the National Science Foundation. The Veterans' Administration was
also deeply involved in behavior modification and mind control. Each of
these agencies, including LEAA, and the Institute, were named in secret CIA
documents as those who provided research cover for the MK-ULTRA program.

Eventually, LEAA was using much of its budget to fund experiments, including
aversive techniques and psychosurgery, which involved, in some cases,
irreversible brain surgery on normal brain tissue for the purpose of
changing or controlling behavior and/or emotions.

Senator Erwin questioned the head of LEAA concerning ethical standards of
the behavior modification projects which LEAA had been funding. Erwin was
extremely dubious about the idea of the government spending money on this
kind of project without strict guidelines and reasonable research
supervision in order to protect the human subjects. After Senator Erwin's
denunciation of the funding polices, LEAA announced that it would no longer
fund medical research into behavior modification and psychosurgery. Despite
the pledge by LEAA's director, Donald E. Santarelli, LEAA ended up funding
537 research projects dealing with behavior modification. There is strong
evidence to indicate psychosurgery was still being used in prisons in the
1980's. Immediately after the funding announcement by LEAA, there were 50
psychosurgical operations at Atmore State Prison in Alabama. The inmates
became virtual zombies. The operations, according to Dr. Swan of Fisk
University, were done on black prisoners who were considered politically
active.

The Veterans' Administration openly admitted that psychosurgery was a
standard procedure for treatment and not used just in experiments. The VA
Hospitals in Durham, Long Beach, New York, Syracuse and Minneapolis were
known to employ these products on a regular basis. VA clients could
typically be subject to these behavior alteration procedures against their
will. The Erwin subcommittee concluded that the rights of VA clients had
been violated.

LEAA also subsidized the research and development of gadgets and techniques
useful to behavior modification. Much of the technology, whose perfection
LEAA funded, had originally been developed and made operational for use in
the Vietnam War. Companies like Bangor Punta Corporation and Walter Kidde
and Co., through its subsidiary Globe Security System, adapted these devices
to domestic use in the U.S. ITT was another company that domesticated the
warfare technology for potential use on U.S. citizens. Rand Corporation
executive Paul Baran warned that the influx back to the United State of the
Vietnam War surveillance gadgets alone, not to mention the behavior
modification hardware, could bring about "the most effective, oppressive
police state ever created".

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Fifth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

One of the fascinating aspects of the scandals that plague the U.S.
Government is the fact that so often the same names appear from scandal to
scandal. From the origins of Ronald Reagan's political career, as Governor
of California, Dr. Earl Brian and Edward Meese played key advisory roles.

Dr. Brian's name has been linked to the October Surprise and is a central
figure in the government's theft of PROMIS soft ware from INSLAW. Brian's
role touches from the Cabazon Indian scandals to United Press International.
He is one of those low-profile key figures.

And, alas, his name appears again in the nation's behavior modification and
mind control experiments. Dr. Brian was Reagan's Secretary of Health when
Reagan was Governor. Dr. Brian was an advocate of state subsidies for a
research center for the study of violent behavior. The center was to begin
operations by mid-1975, and its research was intended to shed light on why
people murder or rape, or hijack aircraft. The center was to be operated by
the University of California at Los Angeles, and its primary purpose, ac
cording to Dr. Brian, was to unify scattered studies on anti-social violence
and possibly even touch on socially tolerated violence, such as football or
war. Dr. Brian sought $1.3 million for the center.

It certainly was possible that prison inmates might be used as volunteer
subjects at the center to discover the unknowns which triggered their
violent behavior. Dr. Brian's quest for the center came at the same time
Governor Reagan concluded his plans to phase the state of California out of
the mental hospital business by 1982. Reagan's plan is echoed by Governor
Pete Wilson today, to place the responsibility of rehabilitating young
offenders squarely on the shoulders of local communities.

But as the proposal became known more publicly, a swell of controversy
surrounded it. It ended in a fiasco. The inspiration for the violence center
came from three doctors in 1967, five years before Dr. Brian and Governor
Reagan unveiled their plans. Amidst urban rioting and civil protest, Doctors
Sweet, Mark and Ervin of Harvard put forward the thesis that individuals who
engage in civil disobedience possess defective or damaged brain cells. If
this conclusion were applied to the American Revolution or the Women's
Rights Movement, a good portion of American society would be labeled as
having brain damage.

In a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association, they stated:
"That poverty, unemployment, slum housing, and inadequate education underlie
the nation's urban riots is well known, but the obviousness of these causes
may have blinded us to the more subtle role of other possible factors,
including brain dysfunction in the rioters who engaged in arson, sniping and
physical assault.

"There is evidence from several sources that brain dysfunction related to a
focal lesion plays a significant role in the violent and assaultive behavior
of thoroughly studied patients. Individuals with electroencephalographic
abnormalities in the temporal region have been found to have a much greater
frequency of behavioral abnormalities (such as poor impulse control,
assaultiveness, and psychosis) than is present in people with a normal brain
wave pattern."

Soon after the publication in the Journal, Dr. Ervin and Dr. Mark published
their book Violence and the Brain, which included the claim that there were
as many as 10 million individuals in the United States "who suffer from
obvious brain disease". They argued that the data of their book provided a
strong reason for starting a program of mass screening of Americans.

"Our greatest danger no longer comes from famine or communicable disease.
Our greatest danger lies in ourselves and in our fellow humans...we need to
develop an 'early warning test' of limbic brain function to detect those
humans who have a low threshold for impulsive violence...Violence is a
public health problem, and the major thrust of any program dealing with
violence must be toward its prevention," they wrote.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded the doctors $108,000
and the National Institute of Mental Health kicked in another $500,000,
under pressure from Congress. They believed that psychosurgery would
inevitably be performed in connection with the program, and that, since it
irreversibly impaired people's emotional and intellectual capacities, it
could be used as an instrument of repression and social control.

The doctors wanted screening centers established throughout the nation. In
California, the publicity associated with the doctors' report, aided in the
development of The Center for the study and Reduction of Violence. Both the
state and LEAA provided the funding. The center was to serve as a model for
future facilities to be set up throughout the United States.

The Director of the Neurophyschiatric Institute and chairman of the
Department of Psychiatry at UCLA, Dr. Louis Jolyon West was selected to run
the center. Dr. West is alleged to have been a contract agent for the CIA,
who, as part of a network of doctors and scientists, gathered intelligence
on hallucinogenic drugs, including LSD, for the super-secret MK-ULTRA
program. Like Captain White (see part three of the series), West conducted
LSD experiments for the CIA on unwitting citizens in the safehouses of San
Francisco. He achieved notoriety for his injection of a massive dose of LSD
into an elephant at the Oklahoma Zoo, the elephant died when West tried to
revive it by administering a combination of drugs.

Dr. West was further known as the psychiatrist who was called upon to
examine Jack Ruby, Lee Harvey Oswald's assassin. It was on the basis of
West's diagnosis that Ruby was compelled to be treated for mental disorders
and put on happy pills. The West examination was ordered after Ruby began to
say that he was part of a right-wing conspiracy to kill President John
Kennedy. Two years after the commencement of treatment for mental disorder,
Ruby died of cancer in prison.

After January 11, 1973, when Governor Reagan announced plans for the
Violence Center, West wrote a letter to the then Director of Health for
California, J. M. Stubblebine.

"Dear Stub:

"I am in possession of confidential in formation that the Army is prepared
to turn over Nike missile bases to state and local agencies for non-military
purposes. They may look with special favor on health-related applications.

"Such a Nike missile base is located in the Santa Monica Mountains, within a
half-hour's drive of the Neuropsychiatric Institute. It is accessible, but
relatively remote. The site is securely fenced, and includes various
buildings and improvements, making it suitable for prompt occupancy.

"If this site were made available to the Neurophyschiatric Institute as a
research facility, perhaps initially as an adjunct to the new Center for the
Prevention of Violence, we could put it to very good use. Comparative
studies could be carried out there, in an isolated but convenient location,
of experimental or model programs for the alteration of undesirable
behavior.

"Such programs might include control of drug or alcohol abuse, modification
of chronic anti-social or impulsive aggressiveness, etc. The site could also
accommodate conferences or retreats for instruction of selected groups of
mental-health related professionals and of others (e.g., law enforcement
personnel, parole officers, special educators) for whom both demonstration
and participation would be effective modes of instruction.

"My understanding is that a direct request by the Governor, or other
appropriate officers of the State, to the Secretary of Defense (or, of
course, the President), could be most likely to produce prompt results."

Some of the planned areas of study for the Center included:

Studies of violent individuals.
Experiments on prisoners from Vacaville and Atascadero, and hyperkinetic
children.
Experiments with violence-producing and violent inhibiting drugs.
Hormonal aspects of passivity and aggressiveness in boys.
Studies to discover and compare norms of violence among various ethnic
groups.
Studies of pre-delinquent children.
It would also encourage law enforcement to keep computer files on
pre-delinquent children, which would make possible the treatment of children
before they became delinquents.

The purpose of the Violence Center was not just research. The staff was to
include sociologists, lawyers, police officers, clergymen and probation
officers. With the backing of Governor Reagan and Dr. Brian, West had
secured guarantees of prisoner volunteers from several California
correctional institutions, including Vacaville. Vacaville and Atascadero
were chosen as the primary sources for the human guinea pigs. These
institutions had established a reputation, by that time, of committing some
of the worst atrocities in West Coast history. Some of the experimentations
differed little from what the Nazis did in the death camps.

(NEXT: What happened to the Center?)

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Sixth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Dr. Earl Brian, Governor Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Health, was adamant
about his support for mind control centers in California. He felt the
behavior modification plan of the Violence Control Centers was important in
the prevention of crime.

The Violence Control Center was actually the brain child of William Herrmann
as part of a pacification plan for California. A counter insurgency expert
for Systems Development Corporation and an advisor to Governor Reagan,
Herrmann worked with the Stand Research Institute, the RAND Corporation, and
the Hoover Center on Violence. Herrman was also a CIA agent who is now
serving an eight year prison sentence for his role in a CIA counterfeiting
operation. He was also directly linked with the Iran-Contra affair according
to government records and Herrmann's own testimony.

In 1970, Herrmann worked with Colston Westbrook as his CIA control officer
when Westbrook formed and implemented the Black Cultural Association at the
Vacaville Medical Facility, a facility which in July experienced the death
of three inmates who were forcibly subjected to behavior modification drugs.
The Black Cultural Association was ostensibly an education program designed
to instill black pride identity in prisons, the Association was really a
cover for an experimental behavior modification pilot project designed to
test the feasibility of programming unstable prisoners to become more
manageable.

Westbrook worked for the CIA in Vietnam as a psychological warfare expert,
and as an advisor to the Korean equivalent of the CIA and for the Lon Nol
regime in Cambodia. Between 1966 and 1969, he was an advisor to the
Vietnamese Police Special Branch under the cover of working as an employee
of Pacific Architects and Engineers.

His "firm" contracted the building of the interrogation/torture centers in
every province of South Vietnam as part of the CIA's Phoenix Program. The
program was centered around behavior modification experiments to learn how
to extract information from prisoners of war, a direct violation of the
Geneva Accords.

Westbrook's most prominent client at Vacaville was Donald DeFreeze, who be
tween 1967 and 1969, had worked for the Los Angeles Police Department's
Public Disorder Intelligence unit and later became the leader of the
Symbionese Liberation Army. Many authorities now believe that the Black
Cultural Association at Vacaville was the seedling of the SLA. Westbrook
even designed the SLA logo, the cobra with seven heads, and gave De Freeze
his African name of Cinque. The SLA was responsible for the assassination of
Marcus Foster, superintendent of School in Oakland and the kidnapping of
Patty Hearst.

As a counterinsurgency consultant for Systems Development Corporation, a
security firm, Herrmann told the Los Angeles Times that a good computer
intelligence system "would separate out the activist bent on destroying the
system" and then develop a master plan "to win the hearts and minds of the
people". The San Francisco-based Bay Guardian, recently identified Herrmann
as an international arms dealer working with Iran in 1980, and possibly
involved in the October Surprise. Herrmann is in an English prison for
counterfeiting. He allegedly met with Iranian officials to ascertain whether
the Iranians would trade arms for hostages held in Lebanon.

The London Sunday Telegraph confirmed Herrmann's CIA connections, tracing
them from 1976 to 1986. He also worked for the FBI. This information was
revealed in his London trial.

In the 1970's, Dr. Brian and Herrmann worked together under Governor Reagan
on the Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence, and then, a decade
later, again worked under Reagan. Both men have been identified as working
for Reagan with the Iranians.

The Violence Center, however, died an agonizing death. Despite the Ervin
Senate Committee investigation and chastation of mind control, the
experiments continued. But when the Watergate scandal broke in the early
1970's, Washington felt it was too politically risky to continue to push for
 mind control centers.

Top doctors began to withdraw from the proposal because they felt that there
were not enough safeguards. Even the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency,
which funded the program, backed out, stating, the proposal showed "little
evidence of established research ability of the kind of level necessary for
a study of this cope".

Eventually it became known that control of the Violence Center was not going
to rest with the University of California, but instead with the Department
of Corrections and other law enforcement officials. This information was
released publicly by the Committee Opposed to Psychiatric Abuse of
Prisoners. The disclosure of the letter resulted in the main backers of the
program bowing out and the eventual demise of the center.

Dr. Brian's final public statement on the matter was that the decision to
cut off funding represented "a callous disregard for public safety". Though
the Center was not built, the mind control experiments continue to this day.

(NEXT: What these torturous drugs do.)

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Seventh in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

The Central Intelligence Agency held two major interests in use of L.S.D. to
alter normal behavior patterns. The first interest centered around obtaining
information from prisoners of war and enemy agents, in contravention of the
Geneva Accords. The second was to deter the effectiveness of drugs used
against the enemy on the battlefield.

The MK-ULTRA program was originally run by a small number of people within
the CIA known as the Technical Services Staff (TSS). Another CIA department,
the Office of Security, also began its own testing program. Friction arose
and then infighting broke out when the Office of Security commenced to spy
on TSS people after it was learned that LSD was being tested on unwitting
Americans.

Not only did the two branches disagree over the issue of testing the drug on
the unwitting, they also disagreed over the issue of how the drug was
actually to be used by the CIA. The office of Security envisioned the drug
as an interrogation weapon. But the TSS group thought the drug could be used
to help destabilize another country, it could be slipped into the food or
beverage of a public official in order to make him behave foolishly or oddly
in public. One CIA document reveals that L.S.D. could be administered right
before an official was to make a public speech.

Realizing that gaining information about the drug in real life situations
was crucial to exploiting the drug to its fullest, TSS started conducting
experiments on its own people. There was an extensive amount of
self-experimentation. The Office of Security felt the TSS group was playing
with fire, especially when it was learned that TSS was prepared to spike an
annual office Christmas party punch with LSD, the Christmas party of the
CIA. L.S.D. could produce serious insanity for periods of eight to 18 hours
and possibly longer.

One of the "victims" of the punch was agent Frank Olson. Having never had
drugs before, L.S.D. took its toll on Olson. He reported that, every
automobile that came by was a terrible monster with fantastic eyes, out to
get him personally. Each time a car passed he would huddle down against a
parapet, terribly frightened. Olson began to behave erratically. The CIA
made preparation to treat Olson at Chestnut Lodge, but before they could,
Olson checked into a New York hotel and threw himself out from his tenth
story room. The CIA was ordered to cease all drug testing.

Mind control drugs and experiments were torturous to the victims. One of
three inmates who died in Vacaville Prison in July was scheduled to appear
in court in an attempt to stop forced administration of a drug, the very
drug that may have played a role in his death.

Joseph Cannata believed he was making progress and did not need forced
dosages of the drug Haldol. The Solano County Coroner's Office said that
Cannata and two other inmates died of hyperthermia, extremely elevated body
temperature. Their bodies all had at least 108 degrees temperature when they
died. The psychotropic drugs they were being forced to take will elevate
body temperature.

Dr. Ewen Cameron, working at McGill University in Montreal, used a variety
of experimental techniques, including keeping subjects unconscious for
months at a time, administering huge electroshocks and continual doses of
L.S.D.

Massive lawsuits developed as a result of this testing, and many of the
subjects who suffered trauma had never agreed to participate in the
experiments. Such CIA experiments infringed upon the much-honored Nuremberg
Code concerning medical ethics. Dr. Camron was one of the members of the
Nuremberg Tribunal.

L.S.D. research was also conducted at the Addiction Research Center of the
U.S. Public Health Service in Lexington, Kentucky. This institution was one
of several used by the CIA. The National Institute of Mental Health and the
U.S. Navy funded this operation. Vast supplies of L.S.D. and other
hallucinogenic drugs were required to keep the experiments going. Dr. Harris
Isbell ran the program. He was a member of the Food and Drug
Administration's Advisory Committee on the Abuse of Depressant and
Stimulants Drugs. Almost all of the inmates were black. In many cases,
L.S.D. dosage was increased daily for 75 days.

Some 1500 U.S. soldiers were also victims of drug experimentation. Some
claimed they had agreed to become guinea pigs only through pressure from
their superior officers. Many claimed they suffered from severe depression
and other psychological stress.

One such soldier was Master Sergeant Jim Stanley. L.S.D. was put in
Stanley's drinking water and he freaked out. Stanley's hallucinations
continued even after he returned to his regular duties. His service record
suffered, his marriage went on the rocks and he ended up beating his wife
and children. It wasn't until 17 years later that Stanley was informed by
the military that he had been an L.S.D. experiment. He sued the government,
but the Supreme Court ruled no soldier could sue the Army for the L.S.D.
experiments. Justice William Brennen disagreed with the Court decision. He
wrote, "Experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally
unacceptable."

Private James Thornwell was given L.S.D. in a military test in 1961. For the
next 23 years he lived in a mental fog, eventually drowning in a Vallejo
swimming pool in 1984. Congress had set up a $625,000 trust fund for him.
Large scale L.S.D. tests on American soldiers were conducted at Aberdeen
Proving Ground in Maryland, Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,
Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, and in Europe and the Pacific. The Army
conducted a series of L.S.D. tests at Fort Bragg in North Carolina. The
purpose of the tests were to ascertain how well soldiers could perform their
tasks on the battlefield while under the influence of L.S.D. At Fort
McClellan, Alabama, 200 officers in the Chemical Corps were given L.S.D. in
order to familiarize them with the drug's effects. At Edgewood Arsenal,
soldiers were given L.S.D. and then confined to sensory deprivation chambers
and later exposed to a harsh interrogation sessions by intelligence people.
In these sessions, it was discovered that soldiers would cooperate if
promised they would be allowed to get off the L.S.D.

In Operation Derby Hat, foreign nationals accused of drug trafficking were
given L.S.D. by the Special Purpose Team, with one subject begging to be
killed in order to end his ordeal. Such experiments were also conducted in
Saigon on Viet Cong POWs. One of the most potent drugs in the U.S. arsenal
is called BZ or quinuclidinyl benzilate. It is a long-lasting drug and
brings on a litany of psychotic experiences and almost completely isolates
any person from his environment. The main effects of BZ last up to 80 hours
compared to eight hours for L.S.D. Negative after-effects may persist for up
to six weeks.

The BZ experiments were conducted on soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal for 16
years. Many of the "victims" claim that the drug permanently affected their
lives in a negative way. It so disorientated one paratrooper that he was
found taking a shower in his uniform and smoking a cigar. BZ was eventually
put in hand grenades and a 750 pound cluster bomb. Other configurations were
made for mortars, artillery and missiles. The bomb was tested in Vietnam and
CIA documents indicate it was prepared for use by the U.S. in the event of
large-scale civilian uprisings.

In Vacaville, psychosurgery has long been a policy. In one set of cases,
experimental psychosurgery was conducted on three inmates, a black, a
Chicano and a white person. This involved the procedure of pushing
electrodes deep into the brain in order to determine the position of
defective brain cells, and then shooting enough voltage into the suspected
area to kill the defective cells. One prisoner, who appeared to be improving
after surgery, was released on parole, but ended up back in prison. The
second inmate became violent and there is no information on the third
inmate.

Vacaville also administered a "terror drug" Anectine as a way of
"suppressing hazardous behavior". In small doses, Anectine serves as a
muscle relaxant; in huge does, it produces prolonged seizure of the
respiratory system and a sensation "worse than dying". The drug goes to work
within 30 to 40 seconds by paralyzing the small muscles of the fingers,
toes, and eyes, and then moves into the the intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm. The heart rate subsides to 60 beats per minute, respiratory
arrest sets in and the patient remains completely conscious throughout the
ordeal, which lasts two to five minutes. The experiments were also used at
Atascadero.

Several mind altering drugs were originally developed for non-psychoactive
purposes. Some of these drugs are Phenothiazine and Thorzine. The side
effects of these drugs can be a living hell. The impact includes the feeling
of drowsiness, disorientation, shakiness, dry mouth, blurred vision and an
inability to concentrate. Drugs like Prolixin are described by users as
"sheer torture" and "becoming a zombie".

The Veterans Administration Hospital has been shown by the General
Accounting Office to apply heavy dosages of psychotherapeutic drugs. One
patient was taking eight different drugs, three antipsychotic, two
antianxiety, one antidepressant, one sedative and one anti-Parkinson. Three
of these drugs were being given in dosages equal to the maximum recommended.
Another patient was taking seven different drugs. One report tells of a
patient who refused to take the drug. "I told them I don't want the drug to
start with, they grabbed me and strapped me down and gave me a forced
intramuscular shot of Prolixin. They gave me Artane to counteract the
Prolixin and they gave me Sinequan, which is a kind of tranquilizer to make
me calm down, which over calmed me, so rather than letting up on the
medication, they then gave me Ritalin to pep me up."

Prolixin lasts for two weeks. One patient describes how the drug does not
calm or sedate nerves, but instead attacks from so deep inside you, you
cannot locate the source of the pain. "The drugs turn your nerves in upon
yourself. Against your will, your resistance, your resolve, are directed at
your own tissues, your own muscles, reflexes, etc.." The patient continues,
"The pain grinds into your fiber, your vision is so blurred you cannot read.
You ache with restlessness, so that you feel you have to walk, to pace. And
then as soon as you start pacing, the opposite occurs to you, you must sit
and rest. Back and forth, up and down, you go in pain you cannot locate. In
such wretched anxiety you are overwhelmed because you cannot get relief even
in breathing."

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Eighth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

October 15, 1991

"We need a program of psychosurgery for political control of our society.
The purpose is physical control of the mind. Everyone who deviates from the
given norm can be surgically mutilated.

"The individual may think that the most important reality is his own
existence, but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks
historical perspective.

"Man does not have the right to develop his own mind. This kind of liberal
orientation has great appeal. We must electrically control the brain. Some
day armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of the
brain." These were the remarks of Dr. Jose Delgado as they appeared in the
February 24, 1974 edition of the Congressional Record, No. 26., Vol. 118.

Despite Dr. Delgado's outlandish statements before Congress, his work was
financed by grants from the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force
Aero-Medical Research Laboratory, and the Public Health Foundation of
Boston.

Dr. Delgado was a pioneer of the technology of Electrical Stimulation of the
Brain (ESB). The New York Times ran an article on May 17, 1965 entitled
Matador With a Radio Stops Wild Bull. The story details Dr. Delgado's
experiments at Yale University School of Medicine and work in the field at
Cordova, Spain. The New York Times stated:

"Afternoon sunlight poured over the high wooden barriers into the ring, as
the brave bull bore down on the unarmed matador, a scientist who had never
faced fighting bull. But the charging animal's horn never reached the man
behind the heavy red cape. Moments before that could happen, Dr. Delgado
pressed a button on a small radio transmitter in his hand and the bull
braked to a halt. Then he pressed another button on the transmitter, and the
bull obediently turned to the right and trotted away. The bull was obeying
commands in his brain that were being called forth by electrical stimulation
by the radio signals to certain regions in which fine wires had been
painlessly planted the day before."

According to Dr. Delgado, experiments of this type have also been performed
on humans. While giving a lecture on the Brain in 1965, Dr. Delgado said,
"Science has developed a new methodology for the study and control of
cerebral function in animals and humans."

The late L.L. Vasiliev, professor of physiology at the University of
Leningrad wrote in a paper about hypnotism: "As a control of the subject's
condition, when she was outside the laboratory in another set of
experiments, a radio set was used. The results obtained indicate that the
method of using radio signals substantially enhances the experimental
possibilities." The professor continued to write, "I.F. Tomaschevsky (a
Russian physiologist) carried out the first experiments with this subject at
a distance of one or two rooms, and under conditions that the participant
would not know or suspect that she would be experimented with. In other
cases, the sender was not in the same house, and someone else observed the
subject's behavior. Subsequent experiments at considerable distances were
successful. One such experiment was carried out in a park at a distance.
Mental suggestions to go to sleep were complied with within a minute."

The Russian experiments in the control of a person's mind through hypnosis
and radio waves were conducted in the 1930s, some 30 years before Dr.
Delgado's bull experiment. Dr. Vasiliev definitely demonstrated that radio
transmission can produce stimulation of the brain. It is not a complex
process. In fact, it need not be implanted within the skull or be productive
of stimulation of the brain, itself. All that is needed to accomplish the
radio control of the brain is a twitching muscle. The subject becomes
hypnotized and a muscle stimulant is implanted. The subject, while still
under hypnosis, is commanded to respond when the muscle stimulant is
activated, in this case by radio transmission.

Lincoln Lawrence wrote a book entitled Were We Controlled? Lawrance wrote,
"If the subject is placed under hypnosis and mentally programmed to maintain
a determination eventually to perform one specific act, perhaps to shoot
someone, it is suggested thereafter, each time a particular muscle twitches
in a certain manner, which is then demonstrated by using the transmitter, he
will increase this determination even more strongly. As the hypnotic spell
is renewed again and again, he makes it his life's purpose to carry out this
act until it is finally achieved. Thus are the two complementary aspects of
Radio-Hypnotic Intracerebral Control (RHIC) joined to reinforce each other,
and perpetuate the control, until such time as the controlled behavior is
called for. This is done by a second session with the hypnotist giving final
instructions. These might be reinforced with radio stimulation in more
frequent cycles. They could even carry over the moments after the act to
reassure calm behavior during the escape period, or to assure that one
conspirator would not indicate that he was aware of the co-conspirator's
role, or that he was even acquainted with him."

RHIC constitutes the joining of two well known tools, the radio part and the
hypnotism part. People have found it difficult to accept that an individual
can be hypnotized to perform an act which is against his moral principles.
Some experiments have been conducted by the U.S. Army which show that this
popular perception is untrue. The chairman of the Department of Psychology
at Colgate University, Dr. Estabrooks, has stated, "I can hypnotize a man
without his knowledge or consent into committing treason against the United
States." Estabrooks was one of the nation's most authoritative sources in
the hypnotic field. The psychologist told officials in Washington that a
mere 200 well trained hypnotists could develop an army of mind-controlled
sixth columnists in wartime United States. He laid out a scenario of an
enemy doctor placing thousands of patients under hypnotic mind control, and
eventually programming key military officers to follow his assignment.
Through such maneuvers, he said, the entire U.S. Army could be taken over.
Large numbers of saboteurs could also be created using hypnotism through the
work of a doctor practicing in a neighborhood or foreign born nationals with
close cultural ties with an enemy power.

Dr. Estabrooks actually conducted experiments on U.S. soldiers to prove his
point. Soldiers of low rank and little formal education were placed under
hypnotism and their memories tested. Surprisingly, hypnotists were able to
control the subjects' ability to retain complicated verbal information. J.
G. Watkins followed in Estabrooks steps and induced soldiers of lower rank
to commit acts which conflicted not only with their moral code, but also the
military code which they had come to accept through their basic training.
One of the experiments involved placing a normal, stable army private in a
deep trance. Watkins was trying to see if he could get the private to attack
a superior officer, a cardinal sin in the military. While the private was in
a deep trance, Watkins told him that the officer sitting across from him was
an enemy soldier who was going to attempt to kill him. In the private's
mind, it was a kill or be killed situation. The private immediately jumped
up and grabbed the officer by the throat. The experiment was repeated
several times, and in one case the man who was hypnotized and the man who
was attacked were very close friends. The results were always the same. In
one experiment, the hypnotized subject pulled out a knife and nearly stabbed
another person.

Watkins concluded that people could be induced to commit acts contrary to
their morality if their reality was distorted by the hypnotism. Similar
experiments were conducted by Watkins using WACs exploring the possibility
of making military personnel divulge military secrets. A related experiment
had to be discontinued because a researcher, who had been one of the
subjects, was exposing numerous top-secret projects to his hypnotist, who
did not have the proper security clearance for such information. The
information was divulged before an audience of 200 military personnel.

(NEXT: School for Assassins)

Mind Control: a Navy school for assassins

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Ninth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Tuesday, October 22, 1991

In mans quest to control the behavior of humans, there was a great
breakthrough established by Pavlov, who devised a way to make dogs salivate
on cue. He perfected his conditioning response technique by cutting holes in
the cheeks of dogs and measured the amount they salivated in response to
different stimuli. Pavlov verified that "quality, rate and frequency of the
salivation changed depending upon the quality, rate and frequency of the
stimuli."

Though Pavlov's work falls far short of human mind control, it did lay the
groundwork for future studies in mind and behavior control of humans. John
B. Watson conducted experiments in the United States on an 11-month-old
infant. After allowing the infant to establish a rapport with a white rat,
Watson began to beat on the floor with an iron bar every time the infant
came in contact with the rat. After a time, the infant made the association
between the appearance of the rat and the frightening sound, and began to
cry every time the rat came into view. Eventually, the infant developed a
fear of any type of small animal. Watson was the founder of the behaviorist
school of psychology.

"Give me the baby, and I'll make it climb and use its hands in constructing
buildings or stone or wood. I'll make it a thief, a gunman or a dope fiend.
The possibilities of shaping in any direction are almost endless. Even gross
differences in anatomical structure limits are far less than you may think.
Make him a deaf mute, and I will build you a Helen Keller. Men are built,
not born," Watson proclaimed. His psychology did not recognize inner
feelings and thoughts as legitimate objects of scientific study, he was only
interested in overt behavior.

Though Watson's work was the beginning of mans attempts to control human
actions, the real work was done by B.F. Skinner, the high priest of the
behaviorists movement. The key to Skinner's work was the concept of operant
conditioning, which relied on the notion of reinforcement, all behavior
which is learned is rooted in either a positive or negative response to that
action. There are two corollaries of operant conditioning" Aversion therapy
and desensitization.

Aversion therapy uses unpleasant reinforcement to a response which is
undesirable. This can take the form of electric shock, exposing the subject
to fear producing situations, and the infliction of pain in general. It has
been used as a way of "curing" homosexuality, alcoholism and stuttering.
Desensitization involves forcing the subject to view disturbing images over
and over again until they no longer produce any anxiety, then moving on to
more extreme images, and repeating the process over again until no anxiety
is produced. Eventually, the subject becomes immune to even the most extreme
images. This technique is typically used to treat people's phobias. Thus,
the violence shown on T.V. could be said to have the unsystematic and
unintended effect of desensitization.

Skinnerian behaviorism has been accused of attempting to deprive man of his
free will, his dignity and his autonomy. It is said to be intolerant of
uncertainty in human behavior, and refuses to recognize the private, the
ineffable, and the unpredictable. It sees the individual merely as a
medical, chemical and mechanistic entity which has no comprehension of its
real interests.

Skinner believed that people are going to be manipulated. "I just want them
to be manipulated effectively," he said. He measured his success by the
absence of resistance and counter control on the part of the person he was
manipulating. He thought that his techniques could be perfected to the point
that the subject would not even suspect that he was being manipulated.

Dr. James V. McConnel, head of the Department of Mental Health Research at
the University of Michigan, said, "The day has come when we can combine
sensory deprivation with the use of drugs, hypnosis, and the astute
manipulation of reward and punishment to gain almost absolute control over
an individual's behavior. We want to reshape our society drastically."

A U.S. Navy psychologist, who claims that the Office of Naval Intelligence
had taken convicted murderers from military prisons, used behavior
modification techniques on them, and then relocated them in American
embassies throughout the world. Just prior to that time, the U.S. Senate
Intelligence Committee had censured the CIA for its global political
assassination plots, including plots against Fidel Castro. The Navy
psychologist was Lt. Commander Thomas Narut of the U.S. Regional Medical
Center in Naples, Italy. The information was divulged at an Oslo NATO
conference of 120 psychologists from the eleven nation alliance. According
to Dr. Narut, the U.S. Navy was an excellent place for a researcher to find
"captive personnel" whom they could could use as guinea pigs in experiments.
The Navy provided all the funding necessary, according to Narut.

Dr. Narut, in a question and answer session with reporters from many
nations, revealed how the Navy was secretly programming large numbers of
assassins. He said that the men he had worked with for the Navy were being
prepared for commando-type operations, as well as covert operations in U.S.
embassies worldwide. He described the men who went through his program as
"hit men and assassins" who could kill on command.

Careful screening of the subjects was accomplished by Navy psychologists
through the military records, and those who actually received assignments
where their training could be utilized, were drawn mainly from submarine
crews, the paratroops, and many were convicted murderers serving military
prison sentences. Several men who had been awarded medals for bravery were
drafted into the program.

The assassins were conditioned through "audio-visual desensitization". The
process involved the showing of films of people being injured or killed in a
variety of ways, starting with very mild depictions, leading up to the more
extreme forms of mayhem. Eventually, the subjects would be able to detach
their feelings even when viewing the most horrible of films. The
conditioning was most successful when applied to "passive-aggressive" types,
and most of these ended up being able to kill without any regrets. The prime
indicator of violent tendencies was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory. Dr. Narut knew of two Navy programming centers, the
neuropsychiatric laboratory in San Diego and the U.S. Regional Medical
Center in Italy, where he worked.

During the audio-visual desensitization programming, restraints were used to
force the subject to view the films. A device was used on the subjects
eyelids to prevent him from blinking. Typically, the preliminary film was on
an African youth being ritualistically circumcised with a dull knife and
without any anesthetic. The second film showed a sawmill scene in which a
man accidentally cut off his fingers.

In addition to the desensitization films, the potential assassins underwent
programming to create prejudicial attitude in the men, to think of their
future enemies, especially the leaders of these countries, as sub-human.
Films and lectures were presented demeaning the culture and habits of the
people of the countries where it had been decided they would be sent.

After his NATO lecture, Dr. Narut disappeared. He could not be located.
Within a week of so after the lecture, the Pentagon issued an emphatic
denial that the U.S. Navy had "engaged in psychological training or other
types of training of personnel as assassins." They disavowed the programming
centers in San Diego and Naples and stated they were unable to locate Narut,
but did provide confirmation that he was a staff member of the U.S. Regional
Medical Center in Naples.

Dr. Alfred Zitani, an American delegate to the Oslo conference, did verify
Narut's remarks and they were published in the Sunday Times.

Sometime later, Dr. Narut surfaced again in London and recanted his remarks,
stating that he was "talking in theoretical and not practical terms."
Shortly thereafter, the U.S. Naval headquarters in London issued a statement
indicating that Dr. Narut's remarks at the NATO conference should be
discounted because he had "personal problems". Dr. Narut never made any
further public statements about the program.

During the NATO conference in Oslo, Dr. Narut had remarked that the reason
he was divulging the information was because he believed that the
information was coming out anyway. The doctor was referring to the
disclosure by a Congressional subcommittee which were then appearing in the
press concerning various CIA assassination plots. However, what Dr. Narut
had failed to realize at the time, was that the Navy's assassination plots
were not destined to be revealed to the public at that time.

(To be continued.)

Soviets, U.S. both using mind control methods

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Tenth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

November 5, 1991

There were three scientists who pioneered the work of using an
electromagnetic field to control human behavior. Their work began 25 years
ago. These three were Dr. Jose Delgado, psychology professor at Yale
University; Dr. W. Ross Adey, a physiologist at the Brain Research Institute
at UCLA; and Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian.

Dr. Penfield's experiments consisted of the implantation of electrodes deep
into the cortexes of epilepsy patients who were to undergo surgery; he was
able to drastically improve the memories of these patients through
electrical stimulation. Dr. Adey implanted transmitters in the brains of
cats and chimpanzees that could send signals to a receiver regarding the
electrical activity of the brain; additional radio signals were sent back
into the brains of the animals which modified their behavior at the
direction of the doctor. Dr. Delgado was able to stop and turn a charging
bull through the use of an implanted radio receiver.

Other experiments using platinum, gold and stainless steel electrode
implants enabled researchers to induce total madness in cats, put monkeys
into a stupor, or to set human beings jerking their arms up and down. Much
of Delgado's work was financed by the CIA through phony funding conduits
masking themselves as charitable organizations.

Following the successes of Delgado's work, the CIA set up their own research
program in the field of electromagnetic behavior modification under the code
name Sleeping Beauty. With the guidance of Dr. Ivor Browning, a laboratory
was set up in New Mexico, specializing in working with the hypothalamus or
"sweet spot" of the brain. Here it was found that stimulating this area
could produce intense euphoria.

Dr. Browning was able to wire a radio receiver-amplifier into the "sweet
spot" of a donkey which picked up a five-micro-amp signal, such that he
could create intense happiness in the animal. Using the jolts of happiness
as an "electronic carrot", Browning was able to send the donkey up a 2000
foot New Mexico mountain and back to its point of origin. When the donkey
was proceeding up the path toward its destination, it was rewarded; when it
deviated, the signal stopped. "You've never seen a donkey so eager to keep
on course in your whole life," Dr. Browning exclaimed.

The CIA utilized the electronic carrot technique in getting trained pigeons
to fly miniature microphone-transmitters to the ledge of a KGB safe house
where the devices monitored conversations for months. There was a move
within the CIA to conduct further experiments on humans, foreigners and
prisoners, but officially the White House vetoed the idea as being
unethical.

In May 1989, it was learned by the CIA that the KGB was subjecting people
undergoing interrogation to electromagnetic fields, which produced a panic
reaction, thereby bringing them closer to breaking down under questioning.
The subjects were not told that they were being placed under the influence
of these beams. A few years earlier, Dr. Ross Adey released photographs and
a fact sheet concerning what he called the Russian Lida machine. This
consisted of a small transmitter emitting 10-hertz waves which makes the
subject susceptibile to hypnotic suggestion. The device utilized the
outmoded vacuum-tube design. American POWs in Korea have indicated that
similar devices had been used for interrogation purposes in POW camps.

The general, long term goal of the CIA was to find out whether or not mind
control could be achieved through the use of a precise, external,
electromagnetic beam. The electrical activity of the brain operates within
the range of 100 hertz frequency. This spectrum is called ELF or Extremely
Low Frequency range. ELF waves carry very little ionizing radiation and very
low heat, and therefore do not manifest gross, observable physical effects
on living organisms. Published Soviet experiments with ELFs reveal that
there was a marked increase in psychiatric and central nervous system
disorders and symptoms of stress for sailors working close to ELF
generators.

In the mid-1970s, American interest in combining EMR techniques with
hypnosis was very prominent. Plans were on file to develop these techniques
through experiments on human volunteers. The spoken word of the hypnotist
could be conveyed by modulated electromagnetic energy directly into the
subconscious parts of the human brain without employing any technical
devices for receiving or transacting the messages and without the person
exposed to such influence having a chance to control the information input
consciously.

In California, it was discovered by Dr. Adey that animal brain waves could
be altered directly by ELF fields. It was found that monkey brains would
fall in phase with ELF waves. These waves could easily pass through the
skull, which normally protected the central nervous system from outside
influence.

In San Leandro, Dr. Elizabeth Rauscher, director of Technic Research
Laboratory, has been doing ELF/brain research with human subjects for some
time. One of the frequencies produces nausea for more than an hour. Another
frequency, she calls it the marijuana frequency, gets people laughing. "Give
me the money and three months,"she says, "and I'll be able to affect the
behavior of eighty percent of the people in this town without their knowing
it."

In the past, the Soviet Union has invested large sums of time and money
investigating microwaves. In 1952, while the Cold War was showing no signs
of thawing, there was a secret meeting at the Sandia Corporation in New
Mexico between U.S. and Soviet scientists involving the exchange of
information regarding the biological hazards and safety levels of EMR. The
Soviets possessed the greater preponderance of information, and the American
scientists were unwilling to take it seriously. In subsequent meetings, the
Soviet scientists continued to stress the seriousness of the risks, while
American scientists downplayed their importance. Shortly after the last
Sandia meeting, the Soviets began directing a microwave beam at the U.S.
embassy in Moscow, using embassy workers as guinea pigs for low-level EMR
experiments. Washington, D.C. was oddly quiescent, regarding the Moscow
embassy bombardment. Discovered in 1962, the Moscow signal was investigated
by the CIA, which hired a consultant, Milton Zaret, and code named the
research Project Pandora. According to Zaret, the Moscow signal was composed
of several frequencies, and was focussed precisely upon the Ambassador's
office. The intensity of the bombardment was not made public, but when the
State Department finally admitted the existence of the signal, it announced
that it was fairly low.

There was consensus among Soviet EMR researchers that a beam such as the
Moscow signal was destined to produced blurred vision and loss of mental
concentration. The Boston Globe reported that the American ambassador had
not only developed a leukemia-like blood disease, but also suffered from
bleeding eyes and chronic headaches. Under the CIA's Project Pandora,
monkeys were brought into the embassy and exposed to the Moscow signal; they
were found to have developed blood composition anomalies and unusual
chromosome counts. Embassy personnel were found to have a 40 percent higher
than average white blood cell count. While Operation Pandora's data
gathering proceeded, embassy personnel continued working in the facility and
were not informed of the bombardment until 10 years later. Embassy employees
were eventually granted a 20 percent hardship allowance for their service in
an unhealthful post. Throughout the period of bombardment, the CIA used the
opportunity to gather data on psychological and biological effects of the
beam on American personnel.

The U.S. government began to examine the affects of the Moscow signal. The
job was turned over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA). DARPA is now developing electromagnetic weaponry. The man in charge
of the DARPA program, Dr. Jack Verona, is so important and so secretive that
he doesn't even return President George Bush's telephone calls.

(To be continued.)

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Eleventh in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Friday, November 8, 1991

The American public was never informed that the military had planned to
develop electromagnetic weapons until 1982, when the revelation appeared in
a technical Air Force magazine.

The magazine article stated, "....specifically generated radio-frequency
radiation (RFR) fields may pose powerful and revolutionary anti-personnel
military trends." The article indicated that that it would be very easy to
use electromagnetic fields to disrupt the human brain because the brain,
itself, was an electrically mediated organ. Iftfurther indicated that a
rapidly scanning RFR system would have a stunning or killing capability over
a large area. The system was developable.

Navy Captain Dr. Paul E. Taylor read a paper at the Air University Center
for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education, at Maxwell Air Force Base,
Alabama. Dr. Taylor was responsible for the Navy's Radiation Laboratory and
had been studying radiation effects on humans. In his paper, Dr. Taylor
stated, "The ability of individuals to function (as soldiers) could be
degraded to such a point that would be combat ineffective." The system was
so sophisticated that it employed microwaves and millimeter waves and was
transportable by a large truck.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the South Bay, are working on the
development of a "brain bomb". A bomb could be dropped in the middle of a
battlefield which would produce microwaves, incapacitating the minds of
soldiers within a circumscribed area.

Applications of microwave technology in espionage were available for over 25
years. In a meeting in Berkeley of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science as early as 1965, Professor J. Anthony Deutsch of New
York University, provided an important segment of research in the field of
memory control. In layman terms, Professor Deutsch indicated that the mind
is a transmitter and if too much information is received, like too many
vehicles on a crowded freeway, the brain ceases to transmit. The Professor
indicated that an excess of acetyl choline in the brain can interfere with
the memory process and control. He indicated excess amounts of acetyl
choline can be artificially produced, through both the administration of
drugs or through the use of radio waves. The process is called Electronic
Dissolution of Memory (EDOM). The memory transmission can be stopped for as
long as the radio signal continues.

As a result, the awareness of the person skips over those minutes during
which he is subjected to the radio signal. Memory is distorted, and
time-orientation is destroyed.

According to Lincoln Lawrence, author of Were We Controlled, EDOM is now
operational. "There is already in use a small EDOM generator/transmitter
which can be concealed on the body of the person. Contact with this person,
a casual handshake or even just a touch, transmits a tiny electronic charge
plus an ultra-sonic signal tone which for a short period will disturb the
time-orientation of the person affected....it can be a potent weapon for
hopelessly confusing evidence in the investigation of a crime."

Thirty years ago, Allen Frey discovered that microwaves of 300 to 3000
megahertz could be "heard" by people, even if they were deaf, if pulsed at a
certain rate. Appearing to be originating just in back of the head, the
sound boomed, clicked, hissed or buzzed, depending upon the frequency. Later
research has shown that the perception of the waves take place just in front
of the ears. The microwaves causes pressure waves in the brain tissue, and
this phenomenon vibrates the sound receptors in the inner ear through the
bone structure. Some microwaves are capable of directly stimulating the
nerve cells of the auditory pathways. This has been confirmed with
experiments with rats, in which the sound registers 120 decibels, which is
equal to the volume of a nearby jet during takeoff. Aside from having the
capability of causing pain and preventing auditory communication, a more
subtle effect was demonstrated at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
by Dr. Joseph C. Sharp. Dr. Sharp, himself, was the subject of an experiment
in which pulsed microwave audiograms, or the microwave analog of the sound
vibrations of spoken words, were delivered to his brain in such a way that
he was able to understand the words that were spoken. Military and
undercover uses of such a device might include driving a subject crazy with
inner voices in order to discredit him, or conveying undetectable
instructions to a programmed assassin.

But the technology has been carried even a step further. It has been
demonstrated by Dr. Ross Adey that microwaves can be used to directly bring
about changes in the electrical patterns of different parts of the brain.
His experiments showed that he could achieve the same mind control over
animals as Dr. Delgado did in the bull incident. Dr. Delgado used brain
implants in his animals, Dr. Adey used microwave devices without
preconditioning. He made animals act and look like electronic toys.

(Conclusion next week.)

Mind control origins found in Nazi Germany

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Twelfth in a Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Tuesday, November 19, 1991

At the conclusion of World War Two, American investigators learned that Nazi
doctors at the Dachau concentration camp in Germany had been conducting mind
control experiments on inmates. They experimented with hypnosis and with the
drug mescaline.

Mescaline is a quasi-synthetic extract of the peyote cactus, and is very
similar to LSD in the hallucinations which it produces. Though they did not
achieve the degree of success they had desired, the SS interrogators in
conjunction with the Dachau doctors were able to extract the most intimate
secrets from the prisoners when the inmates were given very high doses of
mescaline.

There were fatal mind control experiments conducted at Auschwitz. The
experiments there were described by one informant as "brainwashing with
chemicals". The informant said the Gestapo wasn't satisfied with extracting
information by torture. "So the next question was, why don't we do it like
the Russians, who have been able to get confessions of guilt at their show
trials?" They tried various barbiturates and morphine derivatives. After
prisoners were fed a coffee-like substance, two of them died in the night
and others died later.

The Dachau mescaline experiments were written up in a lengthy report issued
by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission, whose job it was at the conclusion of
the war to scour all of Europe for every shred of industrial and scientific
material that had been produced by the Third Reich. It was as a result of
this report that the U.S. Navy became interested in mescaline as an
interrogation tool. The Navy initiated Project Chatter in 1947, the same
year the Central Intelligence Agency was formed. The Chatter format included
developing methods for acquiring information from people against their will,
but without inflicting harm or pain.

At the conclusion of the war, the OSS was designated as the investigative
unit for the International Military Tribunal, which was to become known as
the Nuremberg Trials. The purpose of Nuremberg was to try the principal Nazi
leaders. Some Nazis were on trial for their experiments, and the U.S. was
using its own "truth drugs" on these principal Nazi prisoners, namely
Goring, Ribbentrop, Speer and eight others. The Justice in charge of the
tribunal had given the OSS permission to use the drugs.

The Dachau doctors who performed the mescaline experiments also were
involved in aviation medicine. The aviation experiments at Dachau fascinated
Heinrich Himmler. Himmler followed the progress of the tests, studied their
findings and often suggested improvements. The Germans had a keen interest
in several medical problems in the field of flying, they were interested in
preventing pilots from slowly becoming unconscious as a result of breathing
the thin air of the high altitudes and there was interest in enhancing night
vision.

The main research in this area was at the Institute of Aviation in Munich,
which had excellent laboratories. The experiments in relationship to the
Institute were conducted at Dachau. Inmates had been immersed in tubs of ice
water with instruments placed in their orifices in order to monitor their
painful deaths. Dr. Hubertus Strughold, who ran the German aviation medicine
team, confirmed that he had heard humans were used for the Dachau
experiments. Hidden in a cave in Hallein were files recording the Dachau
experiments.

On May 15, 1941, Dr. Sigmund Rascher wrote a letter to Himmler requesting
permission to use the Dachau inmates for experiments on the physiology of
high altitudes. Rascher lamented the fact that no such experiments have been
done using human subjects. "The experiments are very dangerous and we cannot
attract volunteers," he told Himmler. His request was approved.

Dachau was filled with Communists and Social Democrats, Jews, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Gypsies, clergymen, homosexuals, and people critical of the Nazi
government. Upon entering Dachau, prisoners lost all legal status, their
hair was shaved off, all their possessions confiscated, they were poorly
fed, and they were used as slaves for both the corporations and the
government. The SS guards were brutal and sadistic. The idea to test
subjects at Dachau was really the brain child of Erich Hippke, chief surgeon
of the Luftwaffe.

Between March and August of 1942 extensive experiments were conducted at
Dachau regarding the limits of human endurance at high altitudes. These
experiments were conducted for the benefit of the German Air Force. The
experiments took place in a low-pressure chamber in which altitudes of up to
68,000 feet could be simulated. The subjects were placed in the chamber and
the altitude was raised, many inmates died as a result. The survivors often
suffered serious injury. One witness at the Nuremberg trails, Anton
Pacholegg, who was sent to Dachau in 1942, gave an eyewitness account of the
typical pressure test:

"The Luftwaffe delivered a cabinet constructed of wood and metal. It was
possible in the cabinet to either decrease or increase the air pressure. You
could observe through a little window the reaction of the subject inside the
chamber. The purpose of these experiments was to test human energy and the
subject's capacity...to take large amounts of pure oxygen, and then to test
his reaction to a gradual decrease in oxygen. I have personally seen through
the observation window of the chamber when a prisoner inside would stand a
vacuum until his lungs ruptured. Some experiments gave men such pressure in
their heads that they would go mad and pull out their hair in an effort to
relieve the pressure. They would tear their heads and face with their
fingers and nails in an attempt to maim themselves in their madness. They
would beat the walls with their hands and head and scream in an effort to
relieve pressure in their eardrums. These cases of extreme vacuums generally
ended in the death of the subjects." The former prisoner also testified, "An
extreme experiment was so certain to result in death that in many instances
the chamber was used for routine execution purposes rather than an
experiment." A minimum 200 prisoners were known to have died in these
experiments.

The doctors directly involved with the research held very high positions:
Karl Brandt was Hitler's personal doctor; Oskar Schroeder was the Chief of
the Medical Services of the Luftwaffe; Karl Gebhardt was Chief Surgeon on
the Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police and German Red Cross
President; Joachim Mrugowsky was Chief of the Hygienic Institute of the
Waffen SS; Helmut Poppendick was a senior colonel in the SS and Chief of the
Personal Staff of the Reich Physicians SS and Police; Siegfried Ruff was
Director of the Department of Aviation Medicine.

The first human guinea pig was a 37 year old Jew in good health. Himmler
invited 40 top Luftwaffe officers to view a movie of an inmate dying in the
pressure chamber. After the pressure chamber tests, the cold treatment
experiments began. The experiments consisted of immersing inmates in
freezing water while their vital signs were monitored. The goal was to
discover the cause of death. Heart failure was the answer. An inmate
described the procedures:

"The basins were filled with water and ice was added until the water
measured 37.4 F and the experimental subjects were either dressed in a
flying suit or were placed in the water naked. The temperature was measured
rectally and through the stomach. The lowering of the body temperature to 32
degrees was terrible for experimental subjects. At 32 degrees the subject
lost consciousness. They were frozen to 25 degrees. The worst experiment was
performed on two Russian officer POWs. They were placed in the basin naked.
Hour after hour passed, and while usually after a short time, 60 minutes,
freezing had set in, these two Russians were still conscious after two
hours. After the third hour one Russian told the other, 'Comrade, tell that
officer to shoot us.' The other replied, 'Don't expect any mercy from this
Fascist dog.' Then they shook hands and said goodbye. The experiment lasted
at least five hours until death occurred.

Dry freezing experiments were also carried out a Dachau. One subject was put
outdoors on a stretcher at night when it was extremely cold. While covered
with a linen sheet, a bucket of cold water was poured over him every hour.
He was kept outdoors undersub-freezing conditions. In subsequent
experiments, subjects were simply left outside naked in a court under
freezing conditions for hours. Himmler gave permission to move the
experiments to Auschwitz, because it was more private and because the
subjects of the experiment would howl all night as they froze. The physical
pain of freezing was terrible. The subjects died by inches, heartbeat became
totally irregular, breathing difficulties and lung endema resulted, hands
and feet became frozen white."

As the Germans began to lose the war, the aviation doctors began too keep
their names from appearing in Himmler's files for fear of future
recriminations.

(To be concluded Friday.)

America made it to the moon with Dachau research

By Harry V. Martin and David Caul

Last of a Thirteen Part Series

Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991

Friday, November 22, 1991

The Nazi doctors who experimented on the inmates of prison camps during
World War Two were tried for murder at the Nuremberg Tribunal. The accused
were educated, trained physicians, they did not kill in anger or in malice,
they were creating a science of death.

Ironically, in 1933, the Nazi's passed a law for the protection of animals.
The law cited the prevention of cruelty and indifference to animals as one
of the highest moral values of a people, animal experimentation was
unthinkable, but human experimentations were acceptable. The victims of the
crime of these doctors numbered into the thousands.

In 1953, while the Central Intelligence Agency was still conducting mind
control and behavior modification on unwitting humans in this country, the
United States signed the Nuremberg Code, a code born out of the ashes of war
and human suffering. The document was a solemn promise never to tolerate
such human atrocities again. The Code maintains three fundamental
principles:

The subjects of any experimentation must be volunteers who thoroughly
understand the purpose and the dangers of the experiments. They must be free
to give consent and the consent must be without pressure and they must be
free to quit the experiments at any time.
The experiments must be likely to yield knowledge which is valuable to
everyone. The knowledge must be such that it could not be gained in any
other way.
The experiments must be conducted by only the most competent doctors, and
they must exercise extreme care.
The Nazi aviation experiments met none of these conditions. Most inmates at
Dachau knew that the experiments in the pressure chamber were fatal. From
the very beginning, control of the experiments was largely in the hands of
the SS, which was later judged to be a criminal organization by the
Nuremberg Tribunal.

Despite our lessons from Nuremberg and the death camps, the CIA, U.S. Navy
and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps targeted specific groups of people for
experimentation who were not able to resist, prisoners, mental patients,
foreigners, ethnic minorities, sex deviants, the terminally ill, children
and U.S. military personnel and prisoners of war. They violated the
Nuremberg Code for conducting and subsidizing experiments on unwitting
citizens. The CIA began its mind control projects in 1953, the very year
that the U.S. signed the Nuremberg Code and pledged with the international
community of nations to respect basic human rights and to prohibit
experimentation on captive populations without full and free consent.

Dr. Cameron, a CIA operative, was one of the worst offenders against the
Code, yet he was a member of the Nuremberg Tribunal, with full knowledge of
its testimony. In 1973, a three judge court in Michigan ruled,
"...experimental psychosurgery, which is irreversible and intrusive, often
leads to the blunting of emotions, the deadening of memory, the reduction of
affect, and limits the ability to generate new ideas. Its potential for inju
ry to the creativity of the individual is great and can infringe on the
right of the individual to be free from interference with his mental
process.

"The state's interest in performing psychosurgery and the legal ability of
the involuntarily detained mental patient to give consent, must bow to the
First Amendment, which protects the generation and free flow of ideas from
unwarranted interference with one's mental processes." Citing the Nuremberg
Code, the court found that "the very nature of the subject's incarceration
diminishes the capacity to consent to psychosurgery." In 1973, the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts enacted regulations which would require
informed written consent from voluntary patients before electroshock
treatment could be performed.

Senator Sam Ervin's Committee lashed out bitterly at the mind control and
behavior modification experiments and ordered them discontinued, they were
not. But the New England Journal of Medicine states, that the consent
provisions are "no more than an elaborate ritual." They called it "a device
that when the subject is uneducated and uncomprehending, confers no more
than a semblance of propriety on human experimentation."

The Nuremberg Tribunal brought to light that some of the most respected
figures in the medical profession were involved in the vast crime network of
the SS. Only 23 persons were charged with criminal activity in this area,
despite the fact that hundreds of medical personnel were involved. The
defendants were charged with crimes against humanity. They were found guilty
of planning and executing experiments on humans without their consent, in a
cruel and brutal manner which involved severe torture, deliberate murder and
with the full knowledge of the gravity of their deeds. Only seven of the
defendants were sentenced to death and hanged, others received life
sentences. Five who were involved in the experiments were not tried. Ernest
Grawitz committed suicide, Carl Clauberg was tried in the Soviet Union,
Josef Mengele escaped to South America and was later captured by Israeli
agents, Horst Schumann disappeared and Siegmund Rascher was executed by
Himmler.

There were 200 German medical doctors conducting these medical experiments.
Most of these doctors were friends of the United States before the war, and
despite their inhuman experiments, the U.S. attempted to rebuild a
relationship with them after the war. The knowledge the Germans had
accumulated at the expense of human life and suffering, was considered a
"booty of war", by the Americans and the Russians.The Americans tracked down
Dr. Strughold, the aviation doctor who was in charge of the Dachau
experiments. With full knowledge that the experiments were conducted on
captive humans, the U.S. recruited the doctors to work for them. General
Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his personal approval to exploit the work and
research of the Nazi's in the death camps.

Within weeks of Eisenhower's order, many of these notorious doctors were
working for the U.S. Army at Heidelberg. Army teams scoured Europe for
scientific experimental apparatus such as pressure chambers, compressors,
G-force machines, giant centrifuges, and electron microscopes. These doctors
were wined and dined by the U.S. Army while most of Germany's post-war
citizens virtually starved.

The German doctors were brought to the U.S. and went to work for Project
Paperclip. All these doctors had been insulated against war crime charges.
The Nuremberg prosecutors were shocked that U.S. authorities were using the
German doctors despite their criminal past.

Under the leadership of Strughold, 34 scientists accepted contracts from
Project Paperclip, and were moved to Randolph Air Force Base at San Antonio,
Texas. The authorization to hire these Nazi scientists came directly for the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. The top military brass stated that they wished to
exploit these rare minds. Project Paperclip, ironically, would use Nazi
doctors to develop methods of interrogating German prisoners of war.

As hostilities began to build after the war between the Americans and the
Russians, the U.S. imported as many as 1000 former Nazi scientists.

In 1969, Americans landed on the moon, and two groups of scientist in the
control center shared the credit, the rocket team from Peenemunde, Germany,
under the leadership of Werner von Braun, these men had perfected the V-2s
which were built in the Nordhausen caves where 20,000 slave laborers from
prison camp Dora had been worked to death. The second group were the space
doctors, lead by 71-year-old Dr. Hubertus Strughold, whose work was
pioneered in Experimental Block No. 5 of the Dachau concentration camp and
the torture and death of hundreds of inmates. The torture chambers that was
used to slowly kill the prisoners of the Nazi's were the test beds for the
apparatus that protected Neil Armstrong from harm, from lack of oxygen, and
pressure, when he walked on the moon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The Napa Sentinel would like to acknowledge the exceptional
contribution of radio commentator David Emory and his extensive archives.
Other source material included:

Acid Dreams by Martin Lee & Bruce Shlain
>From the Belly of the Beast, Jack Henry Abbott

Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118, Feb. 24, 1974, testimony of Jose
Delgado

The Glass House Tapes, by Louis Tackwood

The Great Heroin Coup, by Henrik Kruger

Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, 93rd
Congress, 2nd Session, 1974. Sam Ervin Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional
'Rights

The Last Hero, Wild Bill Donovan, by Anthony Cave Brown

Mind Control, by Peter Schrag

The Mind Stealers, by Samuel Chavkin

Matador with a radio stops wild bull, New York Times, May 17, 1965

Operation Mind Control, Water Bowart

The Phoenix Program, Douglas Valentine

The Physical Control of the Mind, Jose M. R. Delgado, MD

The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Alfred McCoy

Role of Brain Disease in Riots and urban Violence, by Vernon H. Mark, Frank
R. Ervin, and William H. Sweet. Journal of the American Medical Association,
September 11, 1967.

San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 28, 1991

Convict Talks of 1984 Arms Talks With Iran, San Francisco Chronicle,
December 29, 1986

San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1973

Guy Wright Column, San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1987

Sunday Times, July 1975.

Violence and the Brain, by Vernon H. Mark and Frank R. Ervin

War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology, by Peter Watson

Were We Controlled? - by Lincoln Lawrence

Why Was Patricia Hearst Kidnapped? - by Mae Brussell, The Realist.

and other select readings.




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