>>> I first became a fan of Dr Kevorkian when, back in about aught-92, -93, as
I recall, he made the assertion that the National Socialists of German fame in
the 30ies and 40ies would be especially envious of the modern day medical
communities and their experimental 'medecine'.  Although many of the current
procedures are indeed valuable in treating maladies, there are also many that
remain experimental, despite their have been made part of the medical
mainstream. Ritalin and other psychotropic better living through chemistry is
but one example.  Physician assisted life-extension for all kinda reasons is
another.  Below is another example from the Britlanders and their Megelesian
coterie.  A<>E<>R <<<


>From www.wsws.org

WSWS : News & Analysis : Europe : Britain
English hospital censured for using premature babies as human "guinea pigs"
By Liz Smith
13 May 2000
Back to screen version

North Staffordshire Hospital, Stoke on Trent, has been censured for allowing
doctors to conduct clinical research on babies without obtaining parental
consent.

It is the outcome of a 15-month inquiry into trials of a ventilator to aid
breathing, in which 28 premature babies died and 15 were left brain damaged.
The inquiry report has called for tighter controls to ensure patients are not
used as �guinea pigs� in clinical tests. Allegations of forged consent forms
have been passed to the General Medical Council.

The investigation was carried out by Professor Rod Griffiths, director of West
Midlands public health, and focused on the way the clinical trials performed by
consultant paediatrician Professor David Southall were conducted. Southall and
another consultant at the hospital, Martin Samuels, were suspended last
December. It is not the first time that Southall has courted controversy. He
was previously criticised for his use of covert video surveillance of mothers
suspected of having harmed their babies. Thirty-three parents or stepparents
were prosecuted as a result.

The report indicts the existing system within the National Health Service (NHS)
for allowing adults and children to be used in experiments. Governance systems
employed at North Staffordshire Hospital at the time of the ventilator trials
were broadly in line with Department of Health guidelines. The section of the
report dealing with �Roles and Responsibility in Monitoring� also makes clear
that finance was a key factor in the short cuts used by Professor Southall. The
Review Panel was told that to have designed and managed a better trial would
have cost more money. The project went ahead anyway, which meant that full
discussion of the trial did not take place.

Between 1989 and 1993 the experimental ventilators were used on 122 premature
babies. Premature babies develop breathing problems because their lungs do not
make enough surfactant, a wetting agent, which creates the correct surface
tension for the lungs to function. Without it, the insides of the lungs tend to
stick together, making it harder to take in oxygen.

The method used to assist premature babies breathing was called Continuous
Negative Extrathoracic Pressure (CNEP), which involves placing the child in a
slightly depressurised incubator. This works on the same principle as an iron
lung, which was used in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s to treat babies with polio who
had difficulty breathing. This �lung� creates a greater pressure inside the
chest than outside.

A baby is placed inside a clear acrylic box, resembling an incubator, which
creates an airtight seal around its chest. Air can be sucked out of the
container, creating a vacuum, while the baby's head remains outside the
ventilator. The greater pressure inside the baby's chest means that the lungs
will inflate, enabling the baby to breathe. This contrasts with the
conventional method, which uses �positive pressure� by inserting a tube into
the throat to pump air into the lungs. This way pressure can be measured and
adjusted.

Debbie and Carl Henshall, who had two of their babies experimented on in 1992,
were the prime movers behind the inquiry being called. Their daughter Stacey
died on a ventilator at the hospital in February 1992 and her sister Sophie,
born in November 1992, suffered brain damage and is permanently disabled.
Mrs. Henshall was told that the treatment was newer and safer, not
experimental. Express consent for her child to take part in the trial was never
sought. Mrs Henshall told BBC News, �I didn't find out until my second
daughter, who had received the treatment, was four years old that the treatment
was part of a trial and the equipment was experimental. I find that incredible.
I just can't believe they can do that. I know my way around a prem unit, having
had six premature babies, but basically they fooled me.�

Mr. Henshall explained that he and his wife had not given their consent for the
treatment and that the form stating the opposite was a forgery. �The consent
form has Sophie's name on it, which is impossible because Deb and I didn't
decide until the next day we were going to call her Sophie,� he said.

Sharon Bradley's son Stephen is now seven years old. He has autistic features
and severe learning difficulties. He cannot talk and attends a special school.
Sharon said, �There was nothing on the form to suggest it was a trial in any
way. I made sure I read all the wording. If I knew what I was really signing,
then I wouldn't have given my consent. No sane parent would allow their baby to
go through an experiment at that critical stage.�

Mrs. Henshall said the inquiry report was a �step forward�, but felt that it
still left unanswered questions. The Henshall's have restarted legal
proceedings against the hospital in pursuit of damages for Sophie.
The most important recommendations of the report are that formal guidance on
research governance should be developed and issued to both the NHS and to
partners whose research it hosts. It calls on the Department of Health (DoH) to
produce guidelines to clarify procedures.

It also highlighted the fact that the trial did not follow up the children to
see whether brain damage showed up after they went home. There was nothing in
the rules to safeguard parents and children taking part in the trials. The
report points out that Southall was "the senior academic in the responsible
group. As far as we can tell he took relatively few steps to make sure that the
project was in fact run in accordance with the research application." Most of
the work was supervised from a distance.

Commenting on the report, Dr. Michael Wilks, chairman of the British Medical
Association's medical ethics committee, said, "The days when patients simply
left it to doctors to try what they thought best are over. But obtaining
informed consent is always complex and can be a very difficult matter,
particularly in an emergency or when patients are ill or distressed.... That
makes it all the more important that doctors are clear about their ethical
obligations and that hospitals have robust procedures for obtaining consent and
for approving research."

Professor Southall's other work was also looked at, including a hypoxia trial
that exposed healthy babies�whose parents had volunteered them to take part�to
low oxygen levels. This was to test a hypothesis that flying in an aircraft
with reduced oxygen could be a factor in subsequent cot death. The report
states, "In fact the trial could not have investigated this because the type of
hypoxia created was not that which is experienced in the reduced partial
pressure found in aircraft cabins."

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