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Theodor Herzl:
On the Jewish State, 1896
There were Jew leaders who called for the return of the Jews to
Palestine for decades before Theodor Herzl (1860 1904) wrote his
influential pamphlet, The Jewish State. But Herzl's work pushed the
formation of a political movement to establish a Jewish homeland in
Palestine. The first Zionist Congress, convened by Herzl, was held in
Basel, Switzerland, in 1897. Herzl was less attached to Palestine
than some other "Zionists", and considered at one stage the creation
of a Jewish state in what is now Uganda.
The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is a very old one:
it is the restoration of the Jewish State.
The world resounds with outcries against the Jews, and these outcries
have awakened the slumbering idea.
. . .
We are a people-one people.
We have honestly endeavored everywhere to merge ourselves in the
social life of surrounding communities and to preserve the faith of
our fathers. We are not permitted to do so. In vain are we loyal
patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do
we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our
fellowcitizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our
native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce.
In countries where we have lived for centuries we are still cried
down as strangers, and often by those whose ancestors were not yet
domiciled in the land where Jews had already had experience of
suffering. The majority may decide which are the strangers; for this,
as indeed every point which arises in the relations between nations,
is a question of might. I do not here surrender any portion of our
prescriptive right, when I make this statement merely in my own name
as an individual. In the world as it now is and for an indefinite
period will probably remain, might precedes right. It is useless,
therefore, for us to be loyal patriots, as were the Huguenotsl who
were forced to emigrate. If we could only be left in peace....
. . .
[However,] oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth has
survived such struggles and sufferings as we have gone through. Jew-baiting has merely
stripped off our weaklings; the strong among us we
re invariably true to their race when persecution broke out against them....
However much I may worship personality-powerful individual personality in statesmen,
inventors, artists, philosophers, or leaders, as well as the collective personality of
a historic group of human beings, which we call a
nation-however much I may worship personality, I do not regret its disappearance.
Whoever can, will, and must perish, let him perish. But the distinctive nationality of
Jews neither can, will, nor must be destroyed. It c
annot be destroyed, because extemal enemies consolidate it. It will not be destroyed;
this is shown during two thousand years of appalling suffering. It must not be
destroyed .... Whole branches of Judaism may wither and
fall, but the trunk will remain.
. . .
The Jewish Question
No one can deny the gravity of the situation of the Jews. Wherever they live in
perceptible numbers, they are more or less persecuted. Their equality before the law,
granted by statute, has become practically a dead lette
r. They are debarred from filling even moderately high positions, either in the army,
or in any public or private capacity. And attempts are made to thrust them out of
business also: "Don't buy from Jews!"
Attacks in Parliaments, in assemblies, in the press, in the pulpit, in the street, on
journeys- for example, their exclusion from certain hotels-even in places of
recreation, become daily more numerous. The forms of perse
cutions varying according to the countries and social circles in which they occur....
. . .
The Plan
Let the sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the globe large enough to satisfy
the rightful requirements of a nation; the rest we shall manage for ourselves.
The creation of a new State is neither ridiculous nor impossible. We have in our day
witnessed the process in connection with nations which were not largely members of the
middle class, but poorer, less educated, and cons
equently weaker than ourselves. The Governments of all countries scourged by
Anti-Semitism will be keenly interested in assisting us to obtain the sovereignty we
want.
The plan, simple in design, but complicated in execution, will be carried out by two
agencies: The Society of Jews and the Jewish Company.
The Society of Jews will do the preparatory work in the domains of science and
politics, which the Jewish Company will afterwards apply practically.
The Jewish Company will be the liquidating agent of the business interests of
departing Jews, and will organize commerce and trade in the new country.
We must not imagine the departure of the Jews to be a sudden one. It will be gradual,
continuous, and will cover many decades. The poorest will go first to cultivate the
soil. In accordance with a preconceived plan, they
will construct roads, bridges, railways and telegraph installations; regulate rivers;
and build their own dwellings; their labor will create trade, trade will create
markets and markets will attract new settlers, for ever
y man will go voluntarily, at his own expense and his own risk. The labor expended on
the land will enhance its value, and the Jews will soon perceive that a new and
permanent sphere of operation is opening here for that
spirit of enterprise which has heretofore met only with hatred and obloquy.
Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish
Question, ed. Jacob M. Alkow (New York: American Zionist Emergency Council, 1946), pp.
69, 7677, 7980, 85, 9293.
This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a
collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in
modern European and World history.
Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the
document is copyright. Permission is granted for electronic copying,
distribution in print form for educational purposes and personal use.
If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. No
permission is granted for commercial use of the Sourcebook.
(c)Paul Halsall Aug 1997
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