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I hate to see good stuff sit on the shelf. Below is a long list of abstracts related to politics/democracy/government and the Internet. Are you aware of other sources of recent academic articles online? I am working up a new presentation on the "eCitizen" and need numbers this week about: - what people do online in general - time spent doing X, visiting Y - any studies about user habits in their e-mail boxes versus web surfing - usages trends related to political/media/government sites - what they say they want in terms of political/governance information and services online and how they actually use such information/services currently and related trends - any numbers demonstrating a change in page views following usability improvements on government/political/media web sites - any numbers that help create a baseline related to e-democracy - any online usage trends related to the recent elections anywhere This information can come from anywhere in the world. I just need numbers. Please assume that I don't know about anything out on the web. Dump your numbers here: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Steven Clift Democracies Online American Political Science Association - Annual Meeting Proceedings http://www.apsanet.org/mtgs/proceedings.cfm http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/ - 2002 Selected abstracts with an Internet/new media twist compiled by Steven Clift <http://www.publicus.net>. According to their site the articles are available online for a limited time. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Paul Ferber, Franz Foltz, Rudy Pugliese. "The Politics of State Legislature Websites: An Evaluation of Content and Design." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/038/038012FerberPaul.pdf Keywords: state legislatures, websites, communication, design, cyberdeomocracy, digital divide Abstract: Websites of the 50 state legislatures were evaluated on five criteria: Content, Usability, Interactivity, Transparency, and Audience. An overall quality score for each state was computed. The states with the highest quality websites were New Jersey, Minnesota, Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon and Connecticut. The index of the 50 state scores was found to be correlated with various political and demographic characteristics of the states. The strongest relationships were with internet access, education, income, voting participation, and legislative staff. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Matthew Hindman. "The Liberal Medium?: The Political Correlates of Web Use." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/038/038007HindmanMat.pdf Keywords: Internet, World Wide Web, Web, digital divide, new media, political communication, public opinion, cyber-politics Abstract: With over half of all households in the United States online, the Internet has become an essential enabling technology for social, economic, and political life. Scholars of the “digital divide” have focused on demographic groups that lag in their adoption of the Internet. Equally profound, but previously unrecognized, are disparities in usage between those with different political attitudes. This paper demonstrates that self-identified liberals are more likely to engage in capital-building activities online, and to seek out political information, news, and government Web sites. Liberals are more likely to believe that the Web plays an important role in forming their political attitudes, and to report that the Web has made them sign a petition or attend a political meeting. These findings problematize current conceptions of the digital divide, and raise important questions about the long-term political impact of the medium. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.princeton.edu/~mhindman/publications.htm Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sara Bentivegna. "E-campaigning in the 2001 Italy’s Election." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/038/038011Bentivegna.pdf Keywords: Internet, E-campaigning, Italian Elections Abstract: The aim of the paper is the analysis of the use of Internet during the 2001 Italian political campaign. Analogously to what happened to other countries, the use of new communication technologies has rapidly spread in the attempt to contact the electorate. As to the use of Internet, last political campaign in Italy is somewhat similar to the 1996 USA campaign, defined in this regard as a general test. For the first time in the history of Italian general elections, all political parties used the net and 552 candidate Web sites were found. All the sites found was analysed several times during the official phase of the campaign (the last four weeks before the election day) tracing and recording their content. Four dimension were used to study the sites: information, mobilization, community and services. On the basis of these dimensions, the Web sites were classified into five main categories (showcase, notice board, leaflet, community, high-tech sites). On the whole, collected data confirm the thesis of “normalization of cyberspace” and reveal the presence of an online communication not always characterised by a good degree of technological alphabetisation of the candidates. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jonathan Morris. "The New Media and the Dramatization of American Politics." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/038/038019MorrisJona.pdf Keywords: Political comminication Abstract: In the 1990s, the "new media" emerged as a major political factor in the United States. As the decade wore on, more and more Americans made use of new news sources, such as cable news, political talk programs, and Internet news. While several studies have discussed how new media coverage of politics differs from traditional news, very little systematic analysis has been conducted. Furthermore, very little has been done to empirically examine the effect of the new media on public opinion. I argue that new political news differs from traditional news by dramatizing American politics and the political process. I contend that the new media's coverage of conflict, scandal, sensationalism, and other aspects of political drama is more extensive than today’s traditional media. The content analysis findings indicate such a difference does exist, and the experimental analysis illustrates that dramatically framed news adversely influences public support for political leaders and erodes public trust in the news media. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wayne V. McIntosh, Paul G. Harwood. "Virtual Distance: Socio-Politics on the WWW." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/037/037018McIntoshWa.pdf Keywords: Internet, social capital, survey Abstract: This paper investigates whether an association exists between individuals’ on-line “sense of community” and their political and social attitudes toward off-line community. Using the Social Capital Benchmark Survey (2000), we explore what “sense of community” is found through digital interaction. Our research, theoretically guided by the work of Ferdinard Tönnies, questions whether a “sense of Gemeinschaft,” lost off-line to an increasingly differentiated economy, is being re-discovered on-line; or if our cyber interactions are merely the transcription of our Gesellschaft lives online. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Peter Van Aelst. "New media, new movements? The role of the Internet in shaping the ‘anti-globalisation’ movement." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040005VanAelstPe.pdf Keywords: Internet, websites, anti-globalisation, social movements Abstract: Collective action and social movement protest has become commonplace in our ‘demonstration-democracy’ and no longer surprises the media or the public. However, as will be shown, this was not the case with the recent anti-globalisation protests that attracted demonstrators from countries all over the world. The battles of Seattle, Washington, Prague and Genoa, with an unforeseen mixture of nationalities and movements, became world news. Interestingly, the new media seemed to play a crucial role in the organization of these global-protests. This chapter maps this movement-in-progress via an analysis of the websites of anti-globalisation, or more specifically anti-neo-liberal globalisation organizations. It examines the contribution of these sites to three different conditions that establish movement formation; collective identity; actual mobilisation and a network of organizations. This, ongoing, explorative research indicates signs of an integration of different organizations involved and attributes an important role to the Internet. However, whilst both our methodology and subject are evolving rapidly, conclusions, as our initial results show, must be tempered. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Arthur Lupia, Tasha S. Philpot. "More Than Kids Stuff: Can News and Information Web Sites Mobilize Young Adults?." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/005/005001LupiaArthu.pdf Keywords: Internet, political communication, participation, youth, voting, elections, media, world wide web Abstract: Many young adults are not active politically. Since 1972, their participation and interest levels have declined -- not only in absolute terms but also relative to other voting-age groups. We examine how the Internet can reverse this trend. We focus on how leading news and political information websites affected young adults during the closing weeks of the 2000 presidential election campaign. Our data come from a survey that exposes citizens to web sites under varying conditions. We use the data to document how individual sites change viewers’ political interest and likely participation levels. We discover seemingly similar sites having dramatically different effects on young viewers. Our analysis shows why: sites that provide information effectively increase all ages’ political interest and participation, but young and old differ significantly on which sites are effective. Our work shows that using the Internet to increase youth political engagement entails unique, but discoverable, challenges. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.umich.edu/~lupia Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kenneth Rogerson. "International Organizations and Internet Use in the Developing World." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040005RogersonKe.pdf Keywords: Internet, International Organization, NGOs, Environmental Movement Abstract: One of the harbingers of the information revolution is the possibility that disparate peoples and organizations might have a better chance of being connected to each other. The putative low cost of entry to use the Internet could provide a new avenue for mobilizing support for a person or a cause. Is this happening on an international level? There are oft-cited examples such as the Chiapas Indian rebellion in Mexico, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Jodi Williams' organizations of the anti-land mines movement and, more recently, the defeat of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These show why the Internet does work. What about when it doesn't? Or maybe simply why it hasn't yet? International organizations have the potential to provide the needed space and resources to be a catalyst for mobilization through the Internet. One of the more heated discussions among those who study the impact of the Internet on politics and society is the tension between the optimists, who believe the Internet can "improve" the world and the pessimists, who believe that Internet's presence exacerbates disparities already visible in society. International organizations have the potential to provide support for both theses. This paper will examine the case of environmental protection of the Black Sea, which includes involvement by international organizations (both governmental and nongovernmental), states, interest groups and individuals. The case was chosen for two reasons. First, the rhetoric (if not the action) of cleaning up the Black Sea has been present for some time. Since there was little action initially, the advent of the Internet took place while organizations were working on the issue and, thus, the Internet's impact might be evaluated more clearly. Second, the presence of various international governmental organizations as well as a number of international nongovernmental organizations provides some institutions and relationships which, theoretically, could be using the Internet for development purposes. There are two questions that will be asked. First, how well are the organizations interested in the environmental problems of the Black Sea becoming more sophisticated in their use of the Internet, leading toward characteristics that are more like those of developed countries? Second, does this action support the mobilization or reinforcement hypothesis of Internet usage? The supporting information for this research comes from two sources. First, I analyze the programs that have been proposed by international and regional NGOs about the environmental protection of the Black Sea. Second, I have been in contact with (and will continue to follow up with) directors and webmasters of various NGOs dedicated to addressing Black Sea environmental issues. Initial evidence indicates a willingness to turn to new technologies for support, but a disconnect between the rhetoric of the potentially helpful organizations (IOs) and the smaller, grass-roots organizations who can implement the programs. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Charles L. Mitchell. "Assessing Internet Development Strategies of Leading Internet Nations." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) Keywords: Computers, Internet, IT, networks, globalization, information technology, World Wide Web, global literacy Abstract: >From beginnings in the late 1960's, Internet has develop to the substantial presence we know today. Data gathering techniques for Internet access logs have been discussed as influenced by the experience of Internet pioneers with BBS such as the Wildcat BBS from Mustang Software Inc. The importance of visitor sessions in Internet access data collection still imagines the transition from BBS to Internet. The reasoning of the I T and network experts who began Internet still remains important in deciding if Internet is succeeding in realizing the social utility originally envisioned. As Internet became popular experts from many areas of knowledge contributed their ideas to Internet's development. Whether the result of this unusual collaboration has the same social usefulness as the original design is questionable. Governments notably could be cited for their efforts to affect the global literacies that network experts believed would develop from Internet. Data gathering techniques that have recently been added to the possible for social science analysis of Internet valuably assist in theorizing about strategic planning and Internet. These new data techniques present the success of several countries in dispersing Internet access among cities in the various countries. Analyzing Internet data comparatively for five months between July 1998 and July 2002 has produced some changes in the meaning of the "Internet strategy" phrase. The data in this study does not allow that Internet strategy refer only to internal politics and Internet. Internet strategy must be redefined to include the possibility of Internet competition among nations. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.casayego.com/webconf/bio/papers.htm Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kevin G. Barnhurst. "THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON NEWSPAPER POLITICAL COVERAGE." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040005BarnhurstK.pdf Keywords: news, journalism, reporting, communication, politics, web, internet, media, technology Abstract: Moving newspaper content onto the Internet has not, in itself, changed what journalists write. In many ways, the who, what, when, where, why, and how of news stories continue to evolve in ways that enhance the pro-fessional authority of journalists. Stories are longer and have more explana-tions of how and why. They emphasize more groups than individuals, and more individuals are officials or outside sources. These results suggest that news continues to move toward the new, long-form journalism found in previous studies. The Internet, however, appears to have had an indirect impact, becoming a symbolic goad to journalists, who fear its market power and have adopted the idea of finding more linkages among the events they cover. In this sense, the impact of the Internet has been salutary. Reporters are writing news stories that include many more events and link those events to others in history. Editors are pushing for more attention to local news, and the locations of news stories since the rise of the Internet have moved dramatically closer to the places where people act as citizens, reversing a century-long trend. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.uic.edu/~kgbcomm/longnews Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] >From the author's web site: 2002. News Geography & Monopoly: The Form of Reports on U.S. Newspaper Internet Sites. Journalism Studies, forthcoming. http://tigger.uic.edu/~kgbcomm/longnews/7Barshor1.pdf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - James N. Rosenau. "Generational Change and Internet Literacy." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040004RosenauJam.pdf Keywords: generations, change, Internet, skills Abstract: The paper argues that younger generations are much more adept at using computers and the Internet than their seniors and that this difference will have long range consequences for the conduct of politics and policy making. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brian Kahin. "Codification in Context: Infrastructure and Policy for the Knowledge Economy." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040004KahinBrian.pdf Keywords: codification "information infrastructure" "knowledge economy" Internet patents Abstract: The long-term significance of the Internet has been matter of great speculation and debate. Volumes of academic literature have appeared assessing the impact on particular sectors of the economy or on the economy as a whole. Other studies have looked at the implications of the Internet for political institutions or social behavior. There has been considerable interest in the implications of the Internet and related digital technologies for the creation and management of information and knowledge, especially within firms operating under competitive conditions. This paper builds on literature linking the revolutionary developments in information technology to the economics of knowledge and innovation. Recognizing that codification promotes understanding, use, and reuse -- and, at another level, structure and systematization, it views codification as the key nexus between explicit knowledge centered on scientific and technical information and Internet-centered information infrastructure. However, it puts this connection in the context of other codification activities that provide the glue for the political/legal/regulatory infrastructure centered on law and accounting infrastructure that measures economic value and activity at firm, industry, and national levels. These codification infrastructures are more than their component parts; they are characterized by complementarities, information asymmetries, professional practice and standards, transaction costs, and, ultimately, inertia. The new fourth form of infrastructure that has arisen from the digitization of information, the growth and democratization of computing, and the spread of the Internet and the World Wide Web seems to embody the essential characteristics of infrastructure more intensely and completely than the classical forms. Each of these infrastructures is undergoing expansion and crisis, in which the scope and limits of professional and institutional competencies are at stake. The rapidly expanding Internet infrastructure has become a major factor in these processes, creating expectations of expanded competence within each infrastructure but also increasing tension among them – including the unique values and components of the Internet infrastructure itself. In addition to providing an account of the growing significance of the information technology, this framework may also illuminate some of the fundamental tensions within the knowledge economy. These tensions are particularly striking within the patent system. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://cip.umd.edu/apsakahin.doc Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Stuart Shulman, Sally Beisser, Teresa Larson, Mack Shelley. "Digital Citizenship: Lessons Learned as Service-Learning Meets the Digital Divide." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040006ShulmanStu.pdf Keywords: service-learning, information technology literacy, digital divide, citizenship Abstract: This paper reports preliminary first-year results from an “itr”- funded National Science Foundation (NSF) grant enabling two central Iowa universities—Drake University and Iowa State University--to assess the efficacy of service-learning interventions in the dissemination of Information Technology Literacy (ITL) beyond the campus gates. It introduces service-learning, a pedagogy that promotes mutually beneficial partnerships between academic institutions and communities, and reflects on the particular challenges service-learning poses in practice. After less than a year, a number of lessons learned are emerging that will significantly impact implementation in years two and three of the project. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.drake.edu/artsci/faculty/sshulman/ Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Powerpoints: http://www.drake.edu/artsci/faculty/sshulman/PowerPoint.html - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Stuart W. Shulman, David Schlosberg. "Electronic Rulemaking: New Frontiers in Public Participation." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040003Schlosberg.pdf Keywords: e-government, science policy, environmental policy, democracy Abstract: In this paper we propose a social science research agenda that will reflect upon and inform the development of new IT-based approaches to the electronic collection, distribution, sythesis, and analysis of public commentary in the rulemaking process. Two key issues, informed by democratic theory and critical environmental policy, are at the center of our research agenda. First, we will discuss the potential to examine and evaluate, from the perspective of discursive democratic theory, the growing practice of web-based public comment. Discursive democracy brings a number of crucial issues to the study of this digital transformation, including issues of deliberation, diversity, respect, preference change, and the general expansion of discourse in the public sphere. Second, we examine whether the interface between environmental science and public values can be improved in the process of e-rulemaking. We explore the extent to which these new mechanisms of public participation facilitate the integration of scientific knowledge and public values in environmental decision-making. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Powerpoints: http://www.drake.edu/artsci/faculty/sshulman/PowerPoint.html - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brian S. Krueger. "A New Approach to Assessing the Participatory Potential of the Internet." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040003KruegerBri.pdf Keywords: political participation, internet Abstract: An emerging scholarly consensus asserts that patterns of Internet political participation will merely imitate the long established patterns of participatory inequality in the US. The logic is compelling: because those from more advantaged backgrounds access the medium at higher rates, the opportunities to participate via the Internet should disproportionately extend to high resource individuals. I argue that while this approach does accurately describe the current state of Internet participation, the focus on access has important theoretical limitations. If one accepts the future possibility of near equal Internet access, then explorations of the Internet’s participatory potential should include theoretical guidance about what types of individuals would most likely use the Internet for political participation if equal access were achieved. Drawing on a diverse body of literature, two divergent expectations develop; one predicts the reinforcement of existing participation patterns, the other suggests a change in those patterns to include new types of individuals. I empirically test these competing claims, concluding that given equalized access, the Internet shows genuine potential to bring new individuals into the political process. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Richard Nimijean, L. Pauline Rankin. "Fighting for Change (and Survival?): Canadian Women's Movements and On-Line Activism." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040003NimijeanRi.pdf Keywords: women, Canada, social change, activism, feminism, social movements, on-line, technology Abstract: This paper explores the potential that the new computing and communications technologies offer for promoting social change. These technologies do offer space for resistance, but this does not ensure a liberating result. We need to avoid technological determinism. We must explore the impact of the new technologies in various contexts and increase our body of case studies. This issue becomes more problematic when looking at groups that have historically faced severe mobilization and access challenges. Far from enhancing or improving their position, the new technologies may indeed serve to reinforce their marginalized position. This paper explores these issues through an examination of women’s movements in Canada. Already reeling from cutbacks in state funding, the negative impact of two decades of neoliberal policies, and a growing backlash in some circles against (or questioning of) feminism, the new era of Internet activism, seemingly so promising and full of hope, potentially raises further obstacles for the movement. We must ask if the new era of Internet activism can provide new mobilization opportunities for a movement that has faced constraint and demobilization opportunities over the past decade. Our hypothesis is that while we are likely to continue to see intermittent explorations in the use of the new technologies for promoting change, success is not assured. The paper raises further research questions, including the phenomenon of passive activism and its relation to online activism. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hyung Lae Park. "Partisanship, Political Interest and Voting Behavior Influenced by Information Technology: Cyber-Life versus Real-Life of Young Generation" Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040003ParkHyungL.pdf Keywords: Internet, voting, turnout, young, politicla behavior Abstract: Technology has influenced people’s life. However, the future of our life with developed technology depends on how we use “technology.” This paper examines whether voting behavior changes over the period from 1996 to 2000 under the influence of modern technology: Internet. Using ANES data, it concludes that overall Internet users’ political behavior did not change but detected potential changes in the future. While Internet becomes a stronger factor to explain voting behavior, it does not significantly effect on young people’s voting behavior because they are still a lack of motivation to use information rich instrument for their political purpose. They are more likely active in cyber world but fail to connect the bridge from cyber world to real world. Therefore psychological motivation should be main factor to increase turnout rate while Internet and other technology should consider supplemental instrument only to help potential voters to actually vote. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cecilia G. Manrique, Ph.D.. "THE INTERNET AND WORLD POLITICS IN AN AGE OF TERROR." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040002ManriqueCe.pdf Keywords: Internet, Information Technology, Globalization, Netwars, Steganography, Terrorism, Techno-capitalism, Techno-colonialism, Techno-imperialism Abstract: After September 11 there has been much speculation about the Internet as a tool that terrorists have used to disseminate and propagate their cause. With the increase in the usage of the Internet worldwide, it would be interesting to determine how it has affected politics in selected countries, especially those that have been designated as being friendly to terrorists. Encouraged by feedback from the paper presented at the American Political Science Association meeting three years ago, I have embarked on research about the use of the Internet in several countries representative of those in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, as well as those which have been tagged as friendly to the terrorist cause. The focus of attention is on how the net is being used by governments, by interest groups, by grassroots organizations and by individual citizens to enhance their knowledge of what is going on in their countries and in the world. It also takes a look at how it has become an instrument of information dissemination and at times used to move people to action against existing regimes. Commonalities and differences in country approaches to the use of the Internet in terms of maintaining order, sustaining freedom and widening equality will be analyzed as well so that patterns and conclusions about the political uses of the Internet in Third World countries can be drawn. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maura Conway. "Terrorism and Telecommunications: An Analysis of Terrorist 'Use' of the Internet." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) Keywords: Cyberterrorism, Terrorism, Internet, Information Terrorism Abstract: This paper examines the concept of cyberterrorism. It posits a four- tiered representation of fringe activity on the Internet ranging from ‘Use’ at one end to ‘Cyberterrorism’ at the other. Rejecting the idea that cyberterrorism is widespread, the focus here is terrorist groups’ ‘use’ of the Internet, in particular the content of the groups’ websites, and their ‘misuse’ of the medium, in hacking wars, for example. Terrorist groups’ use of the Internet for the purpose of inter-group communication is also investigated. In this context, there is a brief exploration of the inter-networked forms of organisation allegedly being adopted by these groups as a result of their increased reliance on the Net as a tool, followed by an analysis of the part played by the Internet in the events of 9-11 and their aftermath. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Steven E. Billet. "Transnational Advocacy and the Cybercrime Convention: A Consideration of Lobbying and Global Governance." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/040/040002BilletStev.pdf Keywords: cybercrime, Council of Europe, club model, terrorism, globalization, hackers, Abstract: This paper considers the crafting of the Cybercrime Convention and its formulation using the "obsolete" club model of intergovernmental negotiation. The Convention was negotiated under the auspices of the Council of Europe from the late 1990s through mid-year 2001. I was seen as a necessary response to a wide and growing assortment of criminal activity using computer, telephine and Internet networks. It received surprisingly little attention in the press, even after the terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center in September 2001. The phenomenon of cybercrime and the subsequent development of the treaty provide a number of interesting and instructive perspectives on globalization and policy-making in global arenas. First, the negotiation of the treaty tells us something about the players in the globalizing environment, their relative importance and potency under a specific set of conditions as well as their roles in global governance. Second, the negotiation provides interesting insights into the development and execution of transnational advocacy campaigns by non-state actors. Third, the growth and impact of cybercrime provide an illustration of how the drive to globalize has had an impact on the ability of governments to deal with problems of multilateral dimensions. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rachel K. Gibson - Australian National University, Wainer Lusoli - London School of Economics, Stephen J. Ward - University of Salford. "Online Campaigning in the UK: The Public Respond?." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/098/098001LusoliWain.pdf Keywords: Internet, political participation, Britain, online campaign, organisations, mobilisation Abstract: This paper presents an indepth analysis of the effects of the Internet on individual political behaviour in the UK with a specific focus on the effects of organisational campaigning and contacting online. Using data from an NOP survey of 1,972 adults during May 2002 we provide a current overview of the size and basic political characteristics of the Internet audience in the UK. The study then examines the extent to which political organisations such as parties, pressure groups and protest networks are using the Web and email to promote themselves and mobilise support. The major findings to emerge are that although those engaging in online politics tend to be well educated and drawn from a higher socio-economic class, there is also a ‘radical potential’ underneath these figures that shows the Internet is reach previously disengaged groups. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.ipop.org.uk/ Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thomas Zittel. "Political Representation in the Network Society: The Americanization of European Systems of Responsible Party Government? ." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/022/022021ZittelThom.pdf Keywords: Internet, Electronic Democracy, Political Representation, Responsible Party Government, Legislatures, Responsiveness, Comparative Method Abstract: The Internet provides a new technological opportunity structure for political representatives to communicate and interact with constituents. Its potential for decentralized and interactive mass communication allows MPs to bypass traditional intermediary organizations such as political parties and to establish a close and direct relationship with their constituents. Students of electronic democracy are divided upon the question whether MPs will take advantage of this new technological opportunity structure. While cyberoptimists envision a transformation of European systems of responsible party government towards a more direct, individualized type of political representation as a result of new digital media, cyberpessimists adopt a more cautious approach and predict a modernization of established systems of political representation. This paper aims at an empirical test of both positions. In its theoretical part, it models these two contradictory positions on the impact of new digital opportunity structures on political representation. In its empirical part, the paper tests both positions in a comparative statistical analysis of the use of personal Websites in the German Bundestag, the Swedish Riksdag and the US House of Representatives. Such an analysis goes well beyond the current use of single case studies in researching the political ramifications of the Internet. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Girish J. Gulati. "CONNECTING WITH CONSTITUENTS: CONGRESS AND THE PRESENTATION OF SELF ON THE WWW." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/022/022015GulatiGiri.pdf Keywords: Internet, web sites, gender, race, home style, seniority, party, constituency, 107th Congress Abstract: The Internet has become an important means by which members of Congress communicate with their constituents. Although a number of studies have examined the content and features of congressional web sites, how members of Congress present themselves on the web has yet to be addressed. A content analysis of the images displayed on the home pages of 100 senators and 244 House members who served during the 107th Congress reveals two distinct presentations: an “insider” style and an “outsider” style. The results vary, moreover, by chamber, entering class, gender, and race. The most significant differences were by gender within each party, with Democratic women the most likely to present themselves as outsiders and Republican women the most likely to present themselves as insiders. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/Gulati/Links/workingpapers.html Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Caroline Tolbert, Karen Mossberger, Ramona McNeal. "Beyound the Digital Divide: Exploring Attitudes about Information Technology, Political Participation, and Electronic Government." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/030/030006McNealRamo.pdf Keywords: Internet, digital democracy, E-government, political participation Abstract: Changes in information technology have the potential for impacting the way in which individuals participate in politics, such as future online voting and registration, and obtain information from government. Yet, because of unequal access to technology, the Internet may only increase turnout rates or information among those who are already predisposed to vote or become engaged, broadening the gulf between those groups that do and do not participate. Consistent with cross-national accounts of the digital divide (Norris 2001), our data on willingness to use information technology for political purposes reveals a democratic divide - individuals with higher education and income are more supportive of digital democracy, and are more likely to participate in politics online. Our research suggests the Internet may increase the participation gap based on education and income, while reducing the disparities in participation based on age. Overall support for different forms of political participation varied from a low of 48% for online voting, to a high of 78% for searching for government information online. Education emerged as the most important factors in the democratic divide. Support for online voting and online registration were 19 and 22 percentage points higher among individuals with a college degree compared to those with only a high school diploma, holding other factors constant. This mirrors existing disparities in civic participation, which are largely associated with educational differences. This suggests that in order to close the democratic divide in cyberspace, as well as traditional politics, education will be crucial as well as access to technology. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Stuart E. Hartger. "Promoting Electoral Accountability: A Role for County Level Non-Governmental Organizations." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/047/047011HartgerStu.pdf Keywords: reform, representation, primary, structuralism Abstract: New information technologies, especially the Internet, provide opportunities for developing new modes of political participation. The mode anticipated in this presentation would help citizens to help themselves by enabling small groups of citizens to evaluate candidates more carefully than they otherwise would and by enabling others in the same districts to leverage the knowledge of the well- informed few. Citizens would self-organize via registration and election processes into three groups: participants, advocates and interested non-participants. Participants would elect advocates using a proportional voting method (STV). Advocates would prepare assessments of candidates for public offices and distribute them to participants. Non-participants could access a selection of assessment materials via the Internet. The form of political organization envisioned in this presentation is called “Civil Democracy.” It would improve the performance of our political system by making non-governmental system enhancements at the county level. Constitutional and statutory adjustments would not be required, so vested political interests could not easily delay its development. The changes proposed in this presentation would be protected by the first amendment. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://civildemocracy.org/ Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kenneth Rogerson, Wei Wu. "Frontier for Freedom or Ripe for Regulation? U.S. Congressional Attempts at Internet Regulation." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/022/022025RogersonKe.pdf Keywords: Internet, Legislation, Bipartisanship Abstract: Though the Internet has been envisioned as a frontier for free speech, attempts to regulate this channel of communication not only exist, but are increasing around the world. While not many would dispute that the Internet has had at least some impact on society in general, empirical evidence would contribute to understanding the nature and extent of this impact and could lend support to the competing claims that this impact is positive or negative. Given its potential for both good and bad, the Internet has proven to be a volatile subject for policy makers. Initial research indicates that, in the United States, Congressional discussions about possible Internet regulations have been fairly bipartisan. While much has been written about U.S. party politics, Congressional voting patterns, divided vs. united governments, and party polarization B of which bipartisanship is a part B many of the scholarly discussions on the general concept of bipartisanship focus on foreign policymaking. Bipartisanship is manifest is two different ways: 1) between the legislative and executive branches and 2) within the legislative branch. In this paper, we propose to examine bipartisanship within the legislative branch and in the context of policymaking on the subject of the Internet. David Mayhew (ADivided We Govern, 1991) has argued that whether the policymaking process is partisan or bipartisan makes no negligible difference in policymaking processes. If the subject of the policy is Internet-related, this axiom could change since the Internet is unique in that it, like other communications channels and processes, underlies and connects many other substantive policy categories (See Joseph Klapper, The Effects of Mass Communication, 1960). Any empirical findings could be helpful in understanding the relationship between two concurrent trends: 1) the growth and expansion of the Internet and 2) the impact of this growth on policymaking processes. We have catalogued proposed Internet regulation from the 104th, 105th, 106th and 107th U.S. Congresses. According to our assessment, the number of Internet-related bills grew from 24 in the 104th Congress to 57 in the 105th, soared to 130 in the 106th, and has reached at least 121 in the current 107th congress. We have coded these bills by sponsor, sponsor=s party affiliation, timetable (when proposed and how long it stayed in committee or in which committee it died), and content or subject matter, which are then placed into ten categories: child protection, content issues, copyright, e- commerce, education, privacy, security, tax, equal access, and omnibus bills. We propose to examine the effectiveness of these categories and the degree to which they overlap and to analyze the bills, a few of which have been signed into law, in order to provide a framework for patterns of sponsorship and levels of partisanship and bipartisanship. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Daniel W. Drezner. "The global governance of the Internet: bringing the great powers back in." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/020/020007DreznerDan.pdf Keywords: Internet, governance, substitutability, globalization Abstract: Popular and scholarly work on globalization focuses on the decline of state autonomy relative to other forces in world politics. These trends are even more concentrated when international relations scholars hypothesize about the effect of the Internet. Does globalization and the Internet weaken the ability of states to regulate the global economy? This paper argues that great powers remain the primary actors influencing the setting of global regulatory standards. Powerful states will use coercion, inducements and delegation, forum-shopping across substitutable governance structures to advance their preferences. Non-state actors can play important roles in supplying global governance, but only under certain constellations of state interests. In failing to recognize the substitutability of interstate and non-state governance structures, globalization scholars have unnecessarily restricted their analyses to simple comparisons of direct state involvement versus the role of non-state actors. This argument is tested on questions of Internet governance. Even in the setting of technical protocols, great powers may prefer to delegate regime management to non-state actors, but their preferences still dominate the outcome. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Daniel Lipinski, Gregory Neddenriep. "“Media Friendly” Congressional Web Sites: Who is Reaching Out to Journalists on the Web?." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/022/022015LipinskiDa.pdf Keywords: Congress, House of Representatives, Internet, Web, Communication, Technology, Journalism, News Abstract: While the internet has revolutionized political communication, it has not eliminated the importance of established avenues of communication such as the news media. News coverage is still critical for politicians, especially members of Congress as they seek to achieve their electoral, policy, and power goals. In this paper we demonstrate how representatives use their Web pages to court journalists. We analyze the content of the Web pages of 100 members of the House in order to study the features on these sites that are intended to be useful for journalists. We then explain the variance among members and reveal some important findings regarding congressional communication behavior. Although we assume that reelection is a member’s primary goal, our results show that neither a member’s electoral security nor the median household income in a district have a significant impact on the extent to which congressional Web sites are media friendly. However, members’ efforts to achieve their policy goals (and perhaps the power goal which is subsumed by the policy goal in this case) do have an important impact on the variance in behavior. Partisanship and ideology are important predictors of the media friendliness scores for representatives’ Web sites with Republicans and more liberal members having a greater likelihood of constructing attractive sites for journalists. In addition, younger representatives are more likely to take advantage of their Web sites to court media attention. There are also two other particularly interesting variables that are very significant in explaining this behavior. Females are likely to have Web sites that are much more media friendly than those of males. However, the Web pages of minority representatives are likely to have significantly fewer features that would be sought by journalists. These results provide a much broader understanding of how Web sites are being utilized by members of Congress to help them communicate with the public. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mary Christine Banwart, Lynda Lee Kaid. "Videostyle and Webstyle in 2000: An Interchannel Comparison of Candidate Self Presentation." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/031/031007BanwartMar.pdf Keywords: women and politics, political advertising, campaign web sites, political communication Abstract: This study seeks to explore with what consistency candidates portrayed themselves across a traditional mass medium (television) and a non-traditional mass medium (the Internet) in 2000. Utilizing the videostyle and webstyle methods of content analysis, televised advertising and candidate web sites gathered from mixed-gender races in the 2000 general election were analyzed. At this early stage in the development and use of the Internet medium by candidates’ campaigns, these results suggest that current differences are more likely to be based on medium constraints-- or allowances--rather than by gendered differences. Such differences suggest that female candidates may have found ground that provides an equal level on which to present the image of a political leader. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eric Welch, Shelley Fulla. "A Theoretical Framework for Describing Effects of Virtual Interactivity between Government and Citizens: The Chicago Police Department's Citizen ICAM Application." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/024/024007WelchEric0.pdf Keywords: Virtual Interactivity, Internet, Electronic Government Abstract: This paper considers the current efforts to describe the effect of Internet-based technology on interactivity between citizens and public organizations to be incomplete and poorly linked. This paper develops a model of interactivity that reflects the self- organization potential of virtual communication and the social context within which citizens and bureaucrats operate. The model helps us to identify ways in which different levels of feedback communication, e.g., email, may affect change in organizations, communities, and the relationship between organizations and communities. A case analysis of the Chicago Police Department's (CPD) Citizen ICAM is reviewed to determine the effects of feedback and the technology on the organization. We find that virtual interactivity is a complex process - more complex than typically described - that has significant effects on the structure and work processes of the CPD. We conclude by proposing a staged model of citizen-government interactivity and by identifying future research directions. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Todd Davies, Benjamin Sywulka, Randy Saffold, Roma Jhaveri. "Community Democracy Online: A Preliminary Report from East Palo Alto." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29- September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/030/030006DaviesTodd.pdf Keywords: community networks, electronic democracy, online dialogue, Internet democracy, community planning Abstract: We introduce the Stanford Symbolic Systems - East Palo Alto Community Network collaboration project, describing the environment in East Palo Alto, California, and drawing some tentative conclusions about the role of community networks for promoting community participation in an under- served community. Check author's web site for an updated version of the paper. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/symbol/APSA-2002.doc Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Charles C. Hinnant. "Information Technology and Organizational Control: Examining the Management of IT in An Era of E-Government." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002. Paper (requires Acrobat Reader) http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/papers/024/024007HinnantCha.pdf Keywords: Information Technology, Public Organizations, E-government, Organizational Control Abstract: This paper examines social and technical factors with influence the level of organizational control placed on the use of information technology in public organizations. Literature regarding the use of various control mechanisms within organizational design is discussed. Hypotheses are developed regarding the influence of organizational formalization, the dependence on IT, and technical innovativeness on the level of control placed on the use of IT. Data from a national study of state program managers is employed to test these three hypotheses. Regression analysis is employed to estimate the effects of these factors on the formal control of IT in public organizations. Results provide evidence that an organization’s overall level of formalization, or red tape, is positively related to the level of control placed on the use of IT. Similarly, an organizations dependence on IT to achieve key goals is negatively associated with the level of formal control placed on the use of IT by public managers. Finally, innovativeness is positively related to the level of formal control placed on the use of IT within public organizations. Contact the author regarding the paper. mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - End. ^ ^ ^ ^ Steven L. 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