Very interesting new insights: When I use imapsync and let it synchronize mails from INBOX to INBOX/testfolder, the automatic replication works fine. All mails are synchronized between my two backends.
When I move the mails to the INBOX (doveadm move -u m...@example.com INBOX mailbox INBOX/testfolder all), these mails are lost on the replica! They are neither in INBOX, nor in INBOX/testfolder Regards Patrick