Huge number (260 red dwarfs within 32 light years) negate Big Bang Theory! Even more black dwarfs possible. Over 263 "M" main-sequence, red dwarf stars are currently believed to be located within 10 parsecs (pc) -- or 32.6 light-years of Sol. Thus, at least two-thirds (70 percent) of more than 370 stars and white and brown dwarfs found thus far to be located within 10 pc are very dim red dwarfs. At least 40 percent of some 260 red dwarfs have been identified as flare and variable stars, and so are likely to be "young" enough to be rotating rapidly and generating a dynamic magnetic field. However, all are much dimmer, smaller, and less massive than Sol. Astronomers find more of these very dim main-sequence stars in the Solar neighborhood every year. This is the result of astronomers mobilizing themselves to detect these faint celestial neighbors with better equipment and methods (i.e., through the Research Consortium on Nearby Stars (RECONS), particularly in the southern hemisphere. As shown in the following table, however, many more dim red dwarfs may await detection within 10 light-years of Sol and beyond 20 light-years from Sol. Nearby Red Dwarf Stars by Distance Distance from Sol (light-years) Number of Red Dwarfs Number per Cubic Light-Year Flare or Variable Star* Share of Total 0 to 10 ... 7 0.0017 ... 7 100% 10 to 20 ... 79-80 0.0027 ... 47 60% 20 to 30 ... 132 0.0016 ... 35 27% 30 to 32.6 ... 45 0.0014 ... 16 36% Total / Average ... 263+ 0.0018 ... 105 40
You can’t actually see black dwarfs because they are dead stars—carbon- rich burned out cinders. They only possible way we can detect them is when one accidentally travels between us and a visible star. The chances of that happening are very remote. Our area of the galaxy could be filled with old burned out carbon crisps, which means the galaxy and the universe is very old. It appears that galaxies make their own stars sending them out to the outer fringe where eventually they burn out. The newer large stars near the center of galaxies occasionally get bumped into highly elliptical orbits around the massive black hole. As they approach the black hole they accelerate toward it at tremendous speeds and whip around the other side. They keep this up until their orbit decays and they get sucked in or until the gravitational influence of another nearby star directs them towards the center where they disappear with a tremendous burst of energy and cosmic rays into the event horizon—the place where the force of gravity overcomes the speed of light and the mass of the photon. Scientists estimate the amount of energy released when a marshmallow falls into a neutron star is equivalent to the energy released by both atomic bombs dropped on Japan. Later estimate of the power output of neutron star energy are even more extreme. Brown dwarfs form like stars The discovery of a brown dwarf's bipolar molecular outflow offers first strong evidence that these objects form through gravitational collapse. Provided by Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysics This artist's conception shows the brown dwarf ISO-Oph 102. Observations by the Submillimeter Array suggest that it is forming like a star, by accumulating material from the surrounding accretion disk (orange) shown here. The brown dwarf sheds angular momentum by ejecting material in two oppositely directed jets (red). Blue bow shocks indicate where those jets are interacting with the interstellar medium. ASIAA, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. [View Larger Image] December 4, 2008 Astronomers have uncovered strong evidence that brown dwarfs form like stars. Using the Smithsonian's Submillimeter Array (SMA), they detected carbon monoxide molecules shooting outward from the object known as ISO-Oph 102. Such molecular outflows typically are seen coming from young stars or protostars. This object has an estimated mass of 60 Jupiters, meaning it is too small to be a star. Astronomers have classified it as a brown dwarf. Brown dwarfs are on the dividing line between planets and stars, and they generally have masses between 15 and 75 Jupiters. (The theoretical minimum mass for a star to sustain nuclear fusion is 75 times Jupiter.) As a result, brown dwarfs are sometimes called failed stars. It is not clear whether they form like stars, from the gravitational collapse of gas clouds, or if they form like planets, agglomerating rocky material until they grow massive enough to draw in nearby gas. A star forms when a cloud of interstellar gas draws itself together through gravity, growing denser and hotter until fusion ignites. If the initial gas cloud is rotating, that rotation will speed up as it collapses inward, much like an ice skater drawing her arms in. To gather mass, the young protostar must somehow shed that angular momentum. It does this by spewing material in opposite directions as a bipolar outflow. A brown dwarf is less massive than a star, so there is less gravity available to pull it together. As a result, astronomers debated whether a brown dwarf could form the same way as a star. Previous observations provided hints that they could. The serendipitous discovery of a bipolar molecular outflow at ISO-Oph 102 offers the first strong evidence in favor of brown dwarf formation through gravitational collapse. "We thought that any such outflow would be too weak to detect with current facilities and would have to wait until a next-generation instrument like ALMA [the Atacama Large Millimeter Array]," said Ngoc Phan-Bao of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), lead author on the paper announcing the find. "This was a big surprise. Finding the molecular outflow with the SMA shows the extraordinary capabilities of the array." As might be expected, the outflow contains much less mass than the outflow from a typical star: about 1,000 times less. The outflow rate is also smaller by a factor of 100. In all respects, the molecular outflow of ISO-Oph 102 is a scaled-down version of the outflow process seen in young stars. "These findings suggest that brown dwarfs and stars aren't different because they formed in different ways," said Paul Ho, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and director of ASIAA. "They share the same formation mechanism. Whether an object ends up as a brown dwarf or star apparently depends only on the amount of available material." RELATED ARTICLES Brown dwarf is coldest known stellar object Planet and dwarf gap narrows The missing link Even more black dwarfs and rogue planets possible. www.GuardDogBook.com and www.AlaskaPublishing.com --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Epistemology" group. To post to this group, send email to epistemology@googlegroups.com To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [EMAIL PROTECTED] For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/epistemology?hl=en -~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---
