Hi,
this is one of the reasons why unsafePerformIO is not type-safe. Lets
see what's going on by figuring out the types of the various definitions.
cell = unsafePerformIO $ newIORef []
newIORef returns a cell which can hold values of the same type as its
arguments. The type of the empty list is [a], because an empty list
could be a list of arbitrary elements. So the overall type of cell is:
cell :: IORef [a]
cell returns a cell which can hold lists of arbitrary elements.
push i = modifyIORef cell (++ [i])
Lets say i is of some type b. Then cell needs to hold lists of the type
b. So in this use of cell, the type variable is instantiated to b, and
the overall type of push is:
push :: b -> IO ()
So push can accept arbitrary values, and appends them to the list hold
by cell. (Note that ghc reports the type as (a -> IO ()), but that
really means the same thing as (b -> IO ()).
main = do
push 3
Here, since you call push with 3, b is chosen to be Int. After this
line, the cell holds the list [3].
push "x"
Here, since you call push with "x", b is chosen to be String. After this
line, the cell holds the list [3, "x"], which is not well-typed. You
tricked Haskell to produce an ill-typed list by using unsafePerformIO.
readIORef cell >>= return
Here, it is not clear how you want to instantiate the type variable a in
the type of cell. So lets assume that we want to return a value of type
c, and instantiate a with c. So even though at this point, the list
contains an Int and a String, we can (try to) extract whatever type we
want from the list. Therefore, the overall type of main is:
main :: IO [c]
*Main> main
[(),()]
Now once more, it is not clear how you want to instantiate c, so, by
default, () is chosen. That default is only active in ghci, by the way.
main will extract the Int 3 and the String "x" from the list, but treat
them as if they were of type ().
Here you get lucky: Since there's only one value of type (), ghci can
show "()" without looking at it too deeply, so even though this program
is not type-safe in a sense, it works fine in practice. But try forcing
ghci to consider a more interesting type instead of ():
*Main> main :: IO [Int]
[3,738467421]
The string "x" is reinterpreted as a number and shown as such. You can
try other types instead of Int until your ghci crashes because you
access some memory you shouldn't have looked at or try to execute some
random part of your memory as code.
So to summarize, your code exhibits the (well-known) fact that
unsafePerformIO is not type-safe, because it can be used to implement a
polymorphic reference, which is a Bad Thing.
Tillmann
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