From Benchmark Education: What Is Metacognition?
Metacognition literally means "big thinking." You are thinking about thinking. During this process you are examining your brain's processing. Teachers work to guide students to become more strategic thinkers by helping them understand the way they are processing information. Questioning, visualizing, and synthesizing information are all ways that readers can examine their thinking process. Through scaffolding and reciprocal teaching, students are able to practice the skills that lead to these overt acts becoming automatic. - Fountas and Pinnell, 2000 Learn About Best Practices in Metacognitive Strategies■Introduction ■Planning ■Monitoring During Reading ■Evaluating ■Purposes for Teaching Metacognitive Strategies ■Teaching ■Sample Lesson Introduction [Top] By practicing and applying metacognitive strategies, students will become good readers, capable of handling any text across a curriculum. Because metacognitive strategies appear obvious, some teachers might believe that students in intermediate grades begin the school year cognizant of these strategies and experienced in using them. The truth is, most students are unaware of the metacognitive process. Yet only through "thinking about thinking" and using metacognitive strategies do students truly learn. With that in mind, consider the following three main reasons to teach metacognitive strategies. (Fogarty 1994): 1. To develop in students a deeper understanding of text Good readers know how to use cognitive and metacognitive strategies together to develop a deeper understanding of a book's theme or topic. They learn or "construct knowledge" (using cognitive strategies) through a variety of methods, and then recognize (using metacognitive strategies) when they lack understanding and, consequently, choose the right tools to correct the problem. 2. To take students' thinking to a higher level For many students, explaining their thought process is a daunting task. They may think, "How do I explain what I think? I don't know what to say. My teacher usually helps me out". These students need opportunities to take their thinking to a higher level and express themselves clearly. Small-group activities, especially those with a teacher's guidance, provide them with the right opportunities. 3. To steer students into adulthood Once metacognitive strategies are grasped, students will transfer use of these skills from their school lives to their personal lives and will continue to apply them as they mature. Metacognition is a three-part process (Fogarty 1994). To be successful thinkers, students must: ■Develop a plan before reading. ■Monitor their understanding of text; use "fix-up" strategies when meaning breaks down. ■Evaluate their thinking after reading. Planning Good readers plan before reading, and K-2 students must learn the steps needed to accomplish this task. Through modeling and practice, teach them to: ■Think about the text's topic. ■Think about how text features can help in understanding the topic. ■Read the title and author, front and back cover blurbs, and table of contents. ■Study illustrations, photos, and graphics, including labels and captions. ■Skim for boldfaced words, headings and subheadings, and summaries. ■Think about what they know, what connections they can make, and what questions they might want answered. ■Think about the way the text might be organized, such as: ■cause and effect ■compare and contrast ■sequence of events ■problem and solution ■description ■a combination of these text structures Monitoring During Reading Good readers take charge of their reading by monitoring their own comprehension, and K-2 students need direct instruction on how and why to do this. The first step is recognizing whether or not confusion exists by asking "Do I understand what I just read? or What does the author really want me to know about this text?" Readers who take responsibility for their own comprehension constantly question the text and their reactions to it. Other ways that readers monitor comprehension during reading are to: ■make connections ■make predictions ■make inferences ■use context clues ■use text features ■identify text structures ■use graphic organizers to pinpoint particular types of text information ■write comments or questions on self-stick notes or in the margins Readers become confused during reading for a variety of reasons (Tovani 2000): ■The voice inside the reader's head is not talking to him any longer about the text. It may simply be reciting the text. ■The reader's mind begins to wander; he is no longer reminding himself to "pay attention." ■The reader can't remember what has been read. ■The reader can't answer his own questions. ■The reader re-encounters a character but does not remember how or when the character was introduced in the story. Evaluating When good readers finish reading, they reflect on the strategies they used to determine whether their plan worked or whether they should try something else next time. Because this evaluative component of the metacognitive process is so valuable, model and practice it with your K-2 students at every opportunity. Purposes for Teaching Metacogntive Strategies At first glance, teachers might think that students automatically use metacognitive strategies. However, when one child was asked what she was thinking about while reading, she replied, "I'm not thinking. I'm reading." Unfortunately, that simple, honest statement is true for students in all content areas who see reading, writing, math, science, and social studies as "subjects" rather than opportunities to think and reflect. Yet only through using metacognitive strategies can they truly learn. With this thought in mind, let's look at two compelling reasons to teach metacognitive strategies in the primary years (Fogarty 1994): ■Good readers learn how to use cognitive and metacognitive strategies in conjunction to develop a deeper understanding of a content-area topic, a character's motives, a book's theme, and the like. They construct knowledge through a variety of different venues (cognition), and they identify when they no longer understand and what they can do about it (metacognition). Therefore, constructing understanding requires both cognitive and metacogntive elements. ■The ultimate goal of strategy instruction is transfer - to be able to use any strategy at any time and for any purpose. Teaching for metacognitive strategies assures that students will be able to successfully use these strategies well into adulthood. Teaching [Top] Modeling through think-alouds is the best way to teach all comprehension strategies. By thinking aloud, teachers show students what good readers do. Think-alouds can be used during read-alouds and shared reading. They can also be used during small-group reading to review or reteach a previously modeled strategy. Wilhelm (2001) describes a think-aloud as a way of: ■creating a record of the strategic decision-making process of going through a text ■reporting everything the reader is aware of noticing, doing, seeing, feeling, asking, and understanding as he or she reads ■talking about the reading strategies being used within the content of the piece being read There are multiple ways to conduct think-alouds: ■The teacher models the think-aloud while reading aloud, and the students listen. ■The teacher thinks aloud during shared reading and the students help out. ■Students think aloud during shared reading and the teacher and other students monitor and help. ■The teacher or students do think-alouds in writing on an overhead, with sticky notes, or in a journal during shared reading. ■Students think aloud in small-group reading and the teacher monitors and helps. ■Students do think-alouds individually during independent reading using sticky notes or a journal and then compare their thoughts with others. When introducing a new comprehension strategy, model during read-aloud and shared reading by following these steps: ■Decide on a strategy to model. ■Choose a short text or section of text. ■Read the text ahead of time and mark locations where you will stop and model the strategy. ■State your purpose by naming the strategy and explaining what the focus of your think-alouds will be. ■Read the text aloud to students and think aloud at the designated points. ■If you are utilizing a read-aloud, continue in the same way. If you are conducting a shared reading experience, have students help pinpoint the words and phrases that help you identify your thinking by underlining or using self-stick notes. ■Reinforce the think-alouds with follow-up lessons in the same text or with others. (Wilhelm 2001) The following are a variety of language prompts to use during think-alouds: Planning ■I'm going to read a book about a nonfiction topic, and I really don't know much about it. I think I should read slowly. If I still don't understand, I may need to reread or skim the text. ■I wonder why... ■I already know something about this topic. It is... ■I know the word __________, but I don't know what ________ and ____________ mean. ■I've seen this before when I went to... ■I see lots of graphics and charts. I'll need to use those to help me understand what I'm reading. ■Are there any clue words and phrases that might help figure out what text structure I'm reading? ■Before I continue reading, I need to stop and think about what I just read and make sure I understand it. If I don't, I need to stop and plan. Monitoring ■The author gives me a picture in my mind when he describes... ■What might happen next? Why do I think that? ■What was this page about? ■Maybe I should reread this part again and look for specific information. ■How does the graphic on this page help me understand the text? ■Since I don't understand this word, I may need to... ■This wasn't what I expected. I expected _______ because ___________. ■What can I write or draw that might help me remember and understand what I just read? Evaluating ■How well did I read and understand? ■What strategies worked well for me? ■What strategies did not work for me? ■What should I do next time? ■Do I need some help for next time? ■How will I remember what I read? -----Original Message----- From: VanDyke, Lynnette (MDE) Sent: Thursday, November 03, 2011 10:58 AM To: mosaic@literacyworkshop.org Subject: RE: [MOSAIC] Comprehension strategies assessment Hi, I have a couple of items related to this in digitial format. See the attachments. I believe the second article contains the index being discussed. -----Original Message----- From: mosaic-bounces+vandykel=michigan....@literacyworkshop.org [mailto:mosaic-bounces+vandykel=michigan....@literacyworkshop.org] On Behalf Of Paula Adams MS Sent: Thursday, November 03, 2011 9:06 AM To: mosaic@literacyworkshop.org Cc: mosaic@literacyworkshop.org Subject: Re: [MOSAIC] Comprehension strategies assessment The Metacogntive Strategy Index. I don't have it electronically but this survey is multiple choice and divided into 3 sections: Before I read I..... While I'm reading I... and, After Reading I.... Hope this helps in finding it. Dr. Paula J. Adams Reading Specialist Sweet Home Middle School ********************************************************************************************** IMPORTANT: The contents of this email and any attachments are confidential. They are intended for the named recipient(s) only. If you have received this email in error, please notify the system manager or the sender immediately and do not disclose the contents to anyone or make copies thereof. *** eSafe scanned this email for viruses, vandals, and malicious content. *** ********************************************************************************************** _______________________________________________ Mosaic mailing list Mosaic@literacyworkshop.org To unsubscribe or modify your membership please go to http://literacyworkshop.org/mailman/options/mosaic_literacyworkshop.org Search the MOSAIC archives at http://snipurl.com/MosaicArchive _______________________________________________ Mosaic mailing list Mosaic@literacyworkshop.org To unsubscribe or modify your membership please go to http://literacyworkshop.org/mailman/options/mosaic_literacyworkshop.org Search the MOSAIC archives at http://snipurl.com/MosaicArchive
